The research of activities of professional pharmaceutical self-government organizations abroad

Aim. To study the international experience of the activities of professional pharmaceutical self-government organizations (OPFS) on the issues of professional protection of pharmacy specialists (PS) and the possibility of its use in Ukraine. Materials and methods. During the research, a comparative analysis of the OPFS activities, data from official sites, scientific literature were used. Results. It has been found that abroad the state creates legal regulation of the OPFS activities. It is the state that takes responsibility for the activities of the pharmaceutical industry and for the list of powers for OPFS in all areas of its activities. In Ukraine, professional associations are involved in the implementation of these issues, but the lack of regulation of their relations with the governing bodies complicates their implementation. Over the past years, the foundations of the formation and functioning of OPFS, the relationship not only with the management bodies, but also with individual specialists (individuals and legal entities) have been studied. In modern conditions, each association chooses its own directions of its implementation independently since there is no clear distribution of powers. Сonclusions. According to the results of the foreign experience studies, it has been found that the main task of OPFS is to protect the rights and interests of PS, provide legal and economic advice, support the continuous professional development of PS, consider the issues of professional ethics, promote and increase the role of pharmacists in the healthcare sector, etc. These studies can be used to regulate the activities of OPFS. Key words: professional pharmaceutical self-government organizations; pharmacy specialists; pharmaceutical institutions; professional activities

The place of The General Theory in the economics canon

This paper presents in non-technical language an interpretation of the argument of The General Theory, which is the importance of effective demand and its relation to human agency. It argues that The General Theory is not only a treatise on economic theory, but also, and more importantly, a treatise on methodology, i.e. how economists should reason when dealing with the complexity of the real world. Implicit in this analysis is a distinct position on the remit of the economist and the nature of economic advice and policy. This interpretation suggests that this understanding forms a new paradigm of thinking about the economy at large, centred around the concept of uncertainty. This insight developed into a new analytical tradition in economics, the Post Keynesian School of economic thought that sees uncertainty and effective demand as the key analytical long term concepts for understanding how the economy evolves through time.

The Art of Performing Economic Miracles: Implementation Guidelines

This chapter talks about the elements for success that may sound abstract, but actually provide a framework for achieving sustained growth, employment creation, and poverty reduction in poor business environments. It explains how the elements are applied to real policy situations and offers a road map for implementing an economic development strategy that leaves little to randomness. Drawing from economic history and analysis, the chapter explains why countries do not evolve from low- to medium- and high-income status as the result of chance. It starts by explaining the importance of rational selection and the choice of policy domains that will give a poor economy the highest probability of developing dynamic business ventures. It then provides step-by-step guidelines for policy makers in poor countries struggling to make sense of the often-conflicting economic advice they receive from many development institutions.

Between Business and Academia in Postwar Britain

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Rising African populism will threaten status quo

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