GEODYNAMICS

Purpose. The aim of the research is mathematical analysis and forecasting of dispersive soils behaviour based on the study of inclinometric observations data in the area of the natural-technical system of the Dnister PSPP. Methodology. The research methodology is based on mathematical analysis and modelling of processes occurring in the mountain massif on which the Dnister PSPP is located, using the finite element method. Results. The paper presents an analysis of the results of geotechnical monitoring of the behaviour of dispersive soils, implemented on the basis of inclinometric measurements on the territory of the Dnister PSPP. Quantitative parameters of horizontal displacement distribution in inclinometric wells are established. They made it possible to detect negative dynamics in the geological horizons N1-2ap and N1p+v, which is apparently caused by technogenic load caused by the Dnister upper reservoir. The behaviour of dispersive soils under the influence of natural and technogenic loads has been modelled. Based on the simulation results, the change of the sign of deformations under the influence of additional load, which can be the filling of the Dnister upper reservoir, is confirmed. Obviously, the use of this method alone does not allow full detecting and tracking modern geological, seismic and geodynamic processes. A combination and detailed analysis of different monitoring methods (geophysical, geodetic, parametric, vibrometric, hydrogeological, temperature, visual-instrumental and others), as well as modelling the behaviour of the object under the influence of natural and technogenic factors is optimal. Such simulations could be used in the design of other objects of this type, so this is a promising area for further research. Originality. For the first time, a mathematical analysis and forecasting of the behaviour of dispersed soils in the area of the natural and technical system of the Dnister PSPP was conducted on the basis of studying the data of inclinometric observations. Practical significance. The proposed technique can be used in the design of other objects of this type, as modelling the behaviour of the object under the influence of natural and technogenic factors makes it possible to assess possible risks and prevent them.

Assessment of the ecological well-being of the rivers of the Middle Urals in areas with increased technogenic load

The purpose of our work was to assess the chemical composition and physicochemical properties of surface water bodies exposed to industrial enterprises and located in close proximity to agricultural land. The environmental condition of industrial regions is determined by the specifics of their development. Recently, vast territories of cities and agricultural lands have been subjected to a high degree of technogenic pollution, which is caused by excessive concentration of production and its continuous and long-term negative impact on natural complexes, which causes a sharp reduction in natural resource potential and its degradation [1, p. 200]. Methods. The article examined the ecological status of flowing water bodies in some areas of the Sverdlovsk region. Assessment of the ecological state of the rivers was assessed by physicochemical and chemical indicators, which included mineralization, hydrogen, and the concentration of salts of heavy metals. Results. During the study, we took water samples from 5 rivers flowing in areas with different technogenic loads. In the hot study, violations were identified by physico-chemical and chemical indicators. At the same time, excesses in mineralization were noted in the rivers of the Artinskiy district, indicators here ranged from 335, which refers to the average mineralization group up to 509 mg/dm3, which refers the river to the group of mineralization increased, almost all the rivers under study have a neutral reaction in terms of hydrogen value. The excess of MPC was noted in the rivers mainly cobalt, manganese, copper, nickel, lead and zinc, while the excess for various metals ranged from 1 to 32 MPC. Scientific novelty. As a result of the study, the most polluted of the rivers studied by us was determined, which is located in the zone of increased technogenic load and it is noted that the maximum concentration of pollutants falls on the Kamenskiy district.

Tolerance of adventive macrophyte Lemna gibba L. to copper ions: range evaluation

In recent decades, adventitization processes in flora have become more vigorous, which poses a threat to biodiversity. Adventive plant species occupy new territories, including transformed ones, and oust native species. In this regard, it is relevant to study the tolerance range of alien species to high technogenic loads since it can help assess the spread of adventive plants. The aim of the research was to study the response of the adventive macrophyte Lemna gibba L. to the copper ions action in a gradient from 0 to 10 mg/L. Duckweed fronds were incubated in model systems for six days under natural light conditions. A high positive correlation between copper content in the nutrient solution and plants was revealed. Moreover, the rise of metal accumulation was exponential. With an increase in copper concentration ≥ 0.5 mg/L, its phytotoxic effect manifested itself through the in-creased prooxidant content and the depigmentation of fronds due to the photosynthetic pigments degradation. At the maximum copper concentration (10 mg/L), the chlorophyll content was 2.5 times lower, and carotenoids, 11.5 times, as compared to the control sample. The study assessed L. gibba tolerance range to the copper ions action and identified physiological and biochemical parameters that can serve as toxicity biomarkers.

Anthropo-technogenic load on the environment of the Khopyor River Region

The primary sources of anthropogenic and technogenic impacts on the environment of urban and suburban areas of the Voronezh and Saratov Regions which are part of the Khopyor River Region have been identified. Among the combined urbanized and man-made sources it is necessary to distinguish the activity of pedestrians and road transport. These conditions characterize the local background of the total anthropo-technological load in relation to the settlements of the research area. Its main manifestations include soil compaction, density of the road and path network and clutter. Arithmetic mean values of degradation impacts were analyzed for settlements in the subregion under consideration. A scale of point-based environmental assessment of the state of the environment is developed for differentiated localities in the Khopyor River Region. High anthropogenic and technogenic load is found in Balashov, middle - in Borisoglebsk, Rtishchevo, low - in Povorino and Gribanovsky, an extremely low load - in Romanovka, Arkadak and Novokhopersk. The obtained and analyzed values of anthropogenic and technogenic loads on the environment demonstrate the features of its state and the direction of its degradation, the levels of environmental comfort of urbanized areas for the population. The system of environmental quality management, urban and suburban environmental management in the Khopyor River Region should be reoriented to an ecosystem basis using the environmental assessment criteria and the environmental monitoring results presented and analyzed in this paper.

USE OF RUBBER WASTE TO MODIFY THE BINDER IN ASPHALT CONCRETE

The development and implementation of road surfaces resistant to temperature extremes and high technogenic loads is one of the important tasks for road workers. These surfaces must be economically viable for production. Since the known methods for improving the physicomechanical properties of a binder for asphalt concrete involve the introduction of expensive foreign polymers. Rubber crumb, being a waste of production, allows to solve the problem with the disposal of used tires, and the cost of such a modifier for road bitumen is lower than foreign polymers. The article describes an example of using a rubber crumb to modify the road binder in asphalt concrete. The compositions of bitumen-rubber suspensions, the determination of the physicomechanical properties of a modified binder are described. The test results of asphalt concrete with a bitumen-rubber binder are given. A comparative analysis of asphalt concrete on bitumen oil road viscous and asphalt concrete on a modified binder is carried out. The purpose of this work is to develop a theoretical justification and practical application of a bituminous-rubber binder obtained by combining oil road bitumen with rubber crumb. Material processing takes place in the microwave field. The resulting bitumen-rubber composite surpasses viscous petroleum bitumen in physical and mechanical properties and is suitable for use as a binder for the production of high-quality asphalt concrete.

Engineering and geological features of the soil section of the main water pipeline route in Central Yakutia

The object of this study is the permafrost soils of the section of the route of the main water pipeline «Tabaga-Byuteidyakh» in rural areas of Central Yakutia, spanning approximately 28 kilometers. Permafrost soils are widely developed in the Southeastern part of Central Yakutia, and are located on the Leno-Amginsky interfluve. They lie in the upper part of the geological section and are underlying on the lane of the main water pipeline route, as well as fall into the foundations of engineering structures of industrial facilities and hydraulic engineering construction. The study is based on a complex of field engineering and geological surveys, as well as laboratory studies of the physical and mechanical properties of rocks. The article discusses the features of the composition, structure and properties of rocks in this area. It is noted that among the considered soils, there is a variety of granulometric types, cryogenic texture from massive to layered, with clay soils usually of higher ice content than sandy ones. Technogenic loads are also mentioned in the form of objects of the main water supply system, consisting of pumping stations, pipelines, reservoirs and channels, which lead to significant changes in the geocryological environment and surrounding landscapes.

Traditional approaches and new ideas of Maria Glazovskaya in thematic mapping

Professor Maria Glazovskaya (1912–2016) – an outstanding geographer, geochemist and soil scientist, made a prominent contribution to the formation and development of several aspects of thematic mapping both in conceptual and methodological issues. These aspects, namely, soil, landscape- and soil-geochemical, as well as ecological mapping, were derived from the knowledge on soils combined with the concepts of geochemical migrations facilities for certain chemical elements in soils and landscapes. Methodology of compilation of such maps presumes purposeful interpretation of diverse soil and landscape features, their expert evaluation and forecast of response reactions of soils and landscapes to certain technogenic loads. Maria Glazovskaya proposed innovative approaches to thematic mapping enabling her to compile original maps. She introduced the principle of “prognostic information capacity of natural factors”, which means that properties of landscape components contain information appropriate for evaluating the resilience of natural systems. The ideas and methods proposed by Maria Glazovskaya are now implemented in basic and applied thematic mapping.