Actual changes in the species composition and the population density of phyllophagous insects in St. Petersburg

В последние три десятилетия произошли существенные изменения в видовом составе доминирующих вредителей древесных растений Санкт-Петербурга и окрестностей. За это время в насаждениях города появились три новых инвазионных вредителя из семейства молей-пестрянок (Gracillariidae), минирующих листья древесных растений: липовая моль-пестрянка Phyllonorycter issikii, каштановая минирующая моль Cameraria ohridella и дубовая широкоминирующая моль Acrocercops brongniardella. Впервые в Санкт-Петербурге эти виды отмечены в 2000, 2013 и 2018 гг. соответственно. Все три вида дают вспышки массового размножения во вторичном ареале. Кроме того, началось массовое размножение ещё одного вида из этого же семейства тополёвой нижнесторонней моли-пестрянки Phyllonorycter populifoliella. В других систематических группах вредителей также преобладают скрытноживущие виды: минирующие листья листоеды Zeugophora subspinosa и листоед большеног Zeugophora flavicollis на тополе, пилильщики Ardis pallipes, Arge ochropus и Blennocampa phyllocolpa на розе морщинистой, запятовидная щитовка Lepidosaphes ulmi и тля Eriosoma lanigerum на боярышнике. При этом ранее эти насекомые как вредители насаждений Санкт-Петербурга не отмечались. С другой стороны, ряд видов насекомых-филлофагов, в особенности открытоживущих, для которых ранее было отмечено резкое неоднократное увеличение плотности популяций, за последние 40 лет не встречались в городских насаждениях, например, три вида волнянок (Erebidae) шелкопряд-монашенка Lymantria monacha, ивовая волнянка Leucoma salicis и античная волнянка Orgyia antiqua. Ещё одна значимая группа вредителей сосущие насекомые, которые широко представлены в городских насаждениях и периодически дают значимые увеличения численности. Изменение видового состава доминирующих групп вредителей в городской среде может быть связано с тремя основными внешними факторами, воздействующими на популяции это изменение породного состава насаждений, изменение климата и повышение уровня загрязнения и других антропогенных нагрузок на насаждения. Последний фактор, весьма вероятно, и обусловливает доминирование скрытноживущих и сосущих вредителей. In the last three decades, significant changes have occurred in the species composition of the dominant pests of woody plants in St. Petersburg and its environs. During this time, three new, invasive pests from the moth family Gracillariidae that mine the leaves of woody plants appeared on the plantings of the city: the lime leaf miner Phyllonorycter issikii, the horse-chestnut leaf miner Cameraria ohridella and the leaf blotch miner moth Acrocercops brongniardella. These species for the first time were recorded in St. Petersburg in 2000, 2013, and 2018 respectively. All three species give outbreaks in the secondary range. In addition, the outbreak of another species from the same family, the poplar mining moth Phyllonorycter populifoliella, began. Species leading a secretive life are also dominated in other systematic pest groups: leave miners the leaf beetles Zeugophora subspinosa and Zeugophora flavicollis on the poplar, sawflies Ardis pallipes, Arge ochropus and Blennocampa phyllocolpa on the rugosa rose, the apple mussel scale Lepidosaphes ulmi and the aphid Eriosoma lanigerum on the hawthorn. Moreover, earlier these insects as pests of the stands of St. Petersburg were not noted. On the other hand, a number of phyllophagous insect species, especially open-living insects, for which a sharp repeated increase in population density was previously noted, have not been found in urban plantations over the past 40 years, for example, three species of family Erebidae the nun moth Lymantria monacha, the satin moth Leucoma salicis and the rusty tussock moth Orgyia antiqua. Another significant group of pests is sucking insects, which are widely represented in urban plantations and periodically give significant increases in numbers. The change in the species composition of the dominant pest groups in the urban environment can be associated with three main external factors affecting populations: a change in the species composition of the stands, climate change, and an increase in the level of pollution and other anthropogenic pressures on the stands. The latter factor, very likely, determines the dominance of secretive and sucking pests.

THE STRUCTURE OF PHYLLOPHAGOUS INSECTS' COMPLEXES IN DECIDUOUS PLANTATIONS IN KHARKIV

The study was aimed to analyze the complexes of phyllophagous insect species with different ways of feeding on woody plants of certain genera. In 2017–2019, the research was carried out in street, park, and forest park plantations of Kharkiv on the material of woody plants of 13 genera: Tilia, Acer, Quercus, Ulmus, Populus, Aesculus, Robinia, Fraxinus, Betula, Sorbus, Salix, Alnus and Corylus. A total of 159 species of phyllophagous insects from 94 genera of 27 families of six orders were identified there. Representatives of Lepidoptera constitute 50.3% by the number of species, 50 and 51.9% by the number of genera and families, respectively, and Coleoptera – 35.8% of species, 28.7 and 22.2% of genera and families, respectively. The identified species of phyllophagous insects were divided into four groups based on the lifestyle and structure of the feeding apparatus of larvae: chewers, miners, galleries, and suckers. It was found that chewers and miners represent the orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, gallers – Hymenoptera and Diptera, suckers – Homoptera and Hemiptera. The suckers dominate by the number of species. The adventive species were found among the lepidopterous miners: Cameraria ohridella (Deschka & Dimic, 1986); Macrosaccus robiniella (Clemens, 1859); Phyllonorycter issikii (Kumata, 1963) and Parectopa robiniella (Clemens, 1863), as well as among the dipterous gallers, Obolodiplosis robiniae (Haldeman, 1847) was revealed. More than 30 similar species of phyllophagous insects were identified at typical forest plants, the most of them at the hazel (Corylus) and oak (Quercus) – 77 and 73 species (48.4 and 45.9% of all identified species), respectively. The similarity of the complexes of chewers from leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) at plants of certain genera is less than that of lepidopterous chewers, which is due to the biological characteristics of these insects. Thus, the polyphagia of lepidopterous chewers is explained by the limited ability of caterpillars to migrate in search of food at high population densities and severe defoliation of preferred plant species. Unlike lepidopterous caterpillars, the adults of leaf beetles are able to fly long distances in search of preferred plant species.

Phytophages of linden under the conditions of Grodno Ponemany (Belarus) and Krasnodar (Russia)

Comparative studies of linden phytophages in the urban landscapes of Grodno Ponemany (Belarus) and Krasnodar (Russia) have been carried out. 22 arthropod species were revealed, including 6 species of herbivorous ticks and 16 species of insects. Among these organisms, 18 species are representatives of the native fauna, 4 are invasive, while the invaders in the Grodno Ponemany and in Krasnodar are different (two species each). In Grodno Ponemany, oligophages prevail, in Krasnodar, the proportion of polyphages is high. The invasive species Phyllonorycter issikii (Kumata) and native species of gall mites are the most harmful in Belarus. The significance of the invaders in Krasnodar is much lower, and Metcalfa pruinosa Say, and Hyphantria cunea Drury cause significant damage to linden only in the years of sharp increase in number. In Krasnodar, linden spider mite – Schizotetranychus tiliarium (Hermann) is the most harmful, populating 100 % of linden trees older than 10 years. Almost all polyphages, with the exception of the invaders identified for Krasnodar, exhibit moderate or low harmfulness.

Phyllophagous arthropods of lime trees in the Summer Garden after its restoration

Липы (р. Tilia) в Летнем саду составляют 95,4 от общего количества деревьев. С 2012 г. проводится мониторинг состояния древеснокустарниковой растительности сада и лип в частности. На липах отмечено 29 видов филлофагов, но значимые повреждения наносят только 9 видов, а степень их повреждения зависит от погодных условий. Так, в некоторые годы отмечалось массовое размножение Eriophyes leiosoma Nalepa (преимущественно на молодых деревьях), Operophtera brumata L., Erannis defoliaria Clerck, Cosmia trapezina L., Caliroa annulipes Klug, Eucallipterus tiliae Schrank, а в другие заметное снижение их численности. Отмечено, что на старовозрастных экземплярах преобладают повреждения Schizotetranychus telarius L. и Phyllonorycter issikii Kumata. Тем не менее, на молодых экземплярах лип, высаженных в шпалеры и берсо, несмотря на высокую встречаемость благодаря мероприятиям по уходу степень повреждения насекомыми с 2014 г. снизилась и не превышает 10, а в некоторые годы отмечены лишь единичные повреждения. Массовое размножение Bucculatrix thoracella Thunberg на высаженных липах в шпалерах и берсо, отмечаемое с 2011 г., снизилось к 2014 г. до единичных находок и в последующие года не превышало 10. Встречаемость остальных видов составила преимущественно 5 10, а повреждения, наносимые ими, как правило, единичны. Lime trees (genus Tilia) make 95.4 of the trees in the Summer Garden, SaintPetersburg. The monitoring of the state of trees and shrubs in the garden with lime trees in particular has been carried out since 2012. There are 29 species of phyllophages on lime trees, however only 9 species cause significant damage and the damage rate depends on the weather conditions. For instance, in some years, there was a mass reproduction of Eriophyes leiosoma Nalepa (mainly on young trees), Operophtera brumata L., Erannis defoliaria Clerck, Cosmia trapezina L., Caliroa annulipes Klug, and Eucallipterus tiliae Schrank, while in other years there was a noticeable decline in these species abundance. It is noted that in oldage lime trees damage is mostly caused by Schizotetranychus telarius L. and Phyllonorycter issikii Kumata. However, on young specimens planted in the trellises and berceaux, despite the high occurrence of the phyllophages, due to care measures the damage rate decreased since 2014 and have not exceeded 10. Moreover, in some years only isolated injuries were noted. The mass reproduction of Bucculatrix thoracella Thunberg on the planted lime trees in the trellises and berceaux, observed since 2011, decreased by 2014 to single occurences and did not exceed 10 in the following years. The occurrence of other species is mainly 5 10, and the damage caused by them is usually sporadic.

Monitoring of gardens and parks plantations in the Ukraine Forest-steppe zone

Goal. To monitor the phytosanitary state of parks and gardens plantations in the Ukrainian Forest-steppe zone and to identify species consistence of the dominant invaders. Methods. Reconnaissances, collection of materials and other attendances were carried out by using generally known ecology and entomology methods using determinants and atlases. Accounting results were subjected to variation-statistical analysis by special application program package according to the statistics and computer graphics: Microsoft Excel 2010, Statgraphics plus. Results. As a result of the phytosanitary state of the parks and gardens plantations in the forest-steppe zone were determined phytophagans species composition including 14 species of invaders among which were dominated Lepidopterans species (70.4%). Less numerous species were expanded forms of Coleoptera — 13.4%, Dipteran — 12.8% and other species which were 3.4%. The most widespread gardens and parks plantations invaders are: chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic), fall webworm moth (Hyphantria cunea Drury.), linden moth (Phyllonorycter issikii Kumata), acacia lotus borer (Etiella zinckenella Tr.). Among the fastest spreading invaders is boxen lotus borer (Cydalima perspectalis Walker) (common box) from South-East Asia. In Ukraine this species was discovered in 2016 in Transcarpathia region. Conclusion. Over the last years destructive plant feeders such as: horse chestnut leaf miner, fall webworm moth, linden moth and others became more spreading within the parks and gardens plantations of the Ukrainian Forest-steppe zone. The significant injury by adventive species — boxen lotus bore was discovered. The lack of well-timed gardens and parks monitoring in the Ukrainian Forest-steppe zone led to mass distribution of lots of harmful species both quarantine and invasitions.