Exhaustion, Distribution and Communication to the Public – The CJEU’s Decision C-263/18 – Tom Kabinet on E-Books and Beyond

In its Tom Kabinet decision,****See the text of the decision in this issue of GRUR International at DOI: 10.1093/grurint/ikaa041. The author wishes to thank Aaron Stumpf, Stefan Scheuerer and Laura Valtere for fruitful discussions. the CJEU took a further step in dealing with digital facts under the InfoSoc Directive. This decision on the sale of ‘second-hand’ e-books through a website has set a number of things in motion: besides distinguishing between the distribution right and the right of communication to the public, the decision also affects the exhaustion doctrine and the coherence of European copyright law. In the past few years, discussions about the so-called ‘digital exhaustion’ and related issues have increased enormously. A few days before Christmas 2019, the CJEU published its long-awaited judgment in case C-263/18, also known as Tom Kabinet, in which it decided that the sale of ‘second-hand’ e-books through a website constitutes communication to the public and therefore requires the consent of the rightholder. This opinion gives insights into why the Tom Kabinet decision was so eagerly awaited, what exactly was decided and whether the CJEU’s decision could fulfil these great expectations.

Film Financing in the Digital Single Market: Challenges to Territoriality

This article discusses the role of territorial licences for feature films against the background of judicial and market developments in the EU. Currently, territorial licences are deemed a cornerstone of the exploitation and financing of films in Europe. However, current models of film financing are under increasing pressure both from market developments such as the turbulent growth of global online video platforms, and from developments in EU law aimed at removing national territorial barriers to the Single Market. Examples are the rule of Union-wide exhaustion of the distribution right, the EU Portability Regulation and the country of origin rules for satellite broadcasting and online simulcasting. EU competition law sets additional limits to grants of territorial exclusivity, and prohibits clauses in broadcasting and pay television licences that prevent or restrict “passive” sales to consumers/viewers in non-licensed territories. The freedom of right holders to preserve territorial exclusivity by way of contract is likely to become increasingly vulnerable to EU competition law, as underlying territorial rights no longer support territorial grants. For the film sector where territorial exclusivity remains indispensable, the European Commission could create specific competition law rules in the form of “block exemptions”. Language exclusivity – i.e. exclusive grants of rights for distinct language versions of a film – could provide a practical and legally more robust alternative to territorial licensing.

DISTRIBUTION RIGHT ON THE INTERNET

Issues of “the right on publicity of the work” and “right to distribute” of works in the conditions of digitalization are examined in this article. Norms of international treaties in the sphere of copyright law on Internet. The analysis of national law of the Kyrgyz Republic. The issue of exhaustion of rights on the Internet are also examined.

6. Nature of the rights

This chapter is about the rights conferred by the law on copyright owners, and the scope of what determines the types of activity that amounts to copyright infringement. It begins by considering the right to copy the work, focusing on the issue of reproduction with respect to literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works as well as films, sound recordings, broadcasts, and typographical arrangements. It then looks at other rights granted to copyright owners, including distribution right; the right to rent and lend copies of the work; the right to perform the work in public; and the right to make an adaptation of the work.

Copyright, Exhaustion, and the Role of Libraries in the Ecosystem of Knowledge

In this Article, written for a symposium on the future of libraries in the digital age, I present and challenge two common views about the scope of the first-sale doctrine, or exhaustion: namely, that the doctrine applies only to the transfer of tangible copies of works but not to the transfer of digital files, and that copyright owners can circumvent exhaustion by characterizing transactions as “licenses” rather than “sales”, or by contracting out of it. The law on digital exhaustion is anything but settled. As codified, the “first sale” doctrine it may limit only the distribution right, but its statutory presence might merely affirm a broader principle of exhaustion—one of the several principles in copyright law that limit the copyright owner’s powers. The principle of exhaustion can apply, and at times has been applied, beyond the distribution right.Likewise, the notion that copyright owners can circumvention exhaustion by characterizing transactions as “licenses” rather than “sales”, or by using contracts to exercise downstream control is hardly a foregone conclusion. Established precedent and sound legal principle indicate that while the law recognizes some scope for contracting around exhaustion, courts will not necessarily uphold any private reordering of the respective legal entitlements of copyright owners and users.While these observations and conclusions apply to exhaustion generally, they apply most demonstrably in the case of libraries. Libraries occupy a privileged space in the copyright system. Historically, libraries predate copyright, and the institutional role of libraries and institutions of higher learning in the “promotion of science” and the “encouragement of learning” was acknowledged before legislators decided to grant authors exclusive rights in their writings. The historical precedence of libraries and the legal recognition of their public function cannot determine every contemporary copyright question, but this historical fact is not devoid of legal consequence. History is part of the legislative history of statutes, and it constitutes part of the context that informs the interpretation of current statutes.Therefore, if not false, then the view that the current legislation does not allow digital exhaustion is at least questionable.The Article was published in 13(1) I/S: A Journal of Law and Policy for the Information Society 81 (2016).

Copyright

This chapter offers an overview of copyright in general in common law and civil law countries, with an emphasis on the United States (US) and the European Union (EU). It addresses the history and philosophies of copyright (authors’ right), subject matter of copyright (including the requirement of fixation and the exclusion of “ideas”), formalities, initial ownership and transfers of title, duration, exclusive moral and economic rights (including reproduction, adaptation, public performance and communication and making available to the public, distribution and exhaustion of the distribution right), exceptions and limitations (including fair use), and remedies. It also covers the liability of intermediaries, and new copyright obligations concerning technological protections and copyright management information. It concludes with some observations concerning the role of copyright in promoting creativity and free expression.

Pengalihan Hak Tanggungan Pada Perbankan Di Kabupaten Banjarnegara

ABSTRAKPenelitian dengan judul “Pengalihan Hak Tanggungan Pada Perbankan di Kabupaten Banjarnegara” bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menjelaskan terjadi pengalihan Hak Tanggungan pada perbankan di Banjarnegara, peran Notaris dan PPAT dalam proses pengalihan Hak Tanggungan di Kabupaten Banjarnegara dan hambatan-hambatan dalam pelaksanaan pengalihan Hak Tanggungan pada perbankan dan bagaimanakah solusinya di Kabupaten Banjarnegara. Penelitian ini penelitian kualitatif dengan metode pendekatan secara yuridis empiris. Spesifikasi penelitian deskriptif analistis, data yang digunakan data primer dan data sekunder, teknik pengumpulan data dengan cara pengumpulan data akan dilakukan melalui : studi kepustakaan , wawancara. Analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif, artinya dalam penulisan hanya berisi uraian uraian dan tidak menggunakan data statistik.Informasi narasumber yang berhubungan dengan pokok permasalahan dipilih yang berkualitas, yang kemudian disajikan secara deskriptif yang berhubungan dengan masalah yang diteliti.Berdasarkan penelitian dan pembahasan dapat disimpulkan sebab Terjadi pengalihan Hak Tanggungan pada perbankan di Banjarnegara, karena karena penambahan modal dengan kenaikan plafond karena Peralihan pemegang hak tanggungan, Terjadi karena undang-undang, karena peralihan pemberi hak tanggungan. Peran Notaris dan PPAT terkait dengan proses pengalihan Hak Tanggungan di Kabupaten Banjarnegara adalah, membuat akta otentik, Akta otentik dalam pelaksanaan peralihan jaminan Hak Tanggungan adalah Akta Pemberian Hak Tanggungan (APHT). Pembuatan akta APHT harus dibuat oleh Notaris dan PPAT. Hal ini sebagai bentuk dari asas spesialitas dari Hak Tanggungan, Melakukan legalisasi perjanjian kredit, melakukan pengikatan perjanjian, membuat surat kuasa, melakukan pengarsipan untuk menjaga kerahasiaan klien, membantu para pihak dalam melakukan perbuatan hukum dan membantu pemerintah dalam mewujudkan tertib administrasi pendaftaran tanah.Hambatan-hambatan dalam pelaksanaan pengalihan Hak Tanggungan pada perbankan dan solusinya di Kabupaten Banjarnegara adalah hambatan sebelum terjadinya pengikatan, hambatan yang dihadapi Notaris saat terjadinya pengikatan, hambatan yang dihadapai Notaris setelah terjadinya pengikatan, hambatan yang ditemui dalam pelaksanaan peralihan jaminan Hak Tanggungan dari kreditur lama kepada kreditur baru adalah da hambatan terjadi BPN. Adapun solusi yang memungkinkan dilakukan terhadap hambatan-hambatan tersebut adalah; memberikan pemahaman kepada pihak bank agar berkas yang sudah diserahkan kepada notaris benar-benar telah disetujui oleh pihak calon debitur baik bunga maupun biaya administrasi dan asuransi. Solusi terhadap hambatan yang dihadapi notaris setelah terjadinya pengikatan yaitu : mengantisipasi pengingkaran dari debitur terhadap tanda tangan yang pernah dilakukan dihadapan notaris, maka arsip atau berkas yang asli harus dicek dan ditunjukan kepada notaris dan dibawah foto copy KTP debitur, ditandatangani oleh yang bersangkutan. Pihak notaris harus berperan aktif untuk konfirmasi ke BPN tidak hanya menunggu konfirmasi balik dari BPN. Solusi terhadap hambatan yang dihadapi BPN dalam dalam pelaksanaan pengalihan Hak Tanggungan pada perbankan ini masih sangat terbatas SDM dengan cara meningkatkat SDM yang ada di BPH melalui Work shop, seminar-seminar, meningkatkan sarana dan prasarana.Kata kunci : pengalihan hak tanggungan, perbankan, notaris/PPAT ABSTRACTThe study entitled "Transfer of Distribution Right to Banking in Kabupaten Banjarnegara" aims to know and explain the transfer of dependency on banks in Banjarnegara, the role of Notary and PPAT in the process of transferring Mortgage Rights in Kabupaten Banjarnegara and obstacles in the implementation of the transfer of Mortgage to the banking and how is the solution in Kabupaten Banjarnegara. This research is qualitative research with empirical juridical approach method. Descriptive analytical research specifications, data used primary data and secondary data, data collection techniques by means of data collection will be done through: library study, interview. Data analysis used in this research is descriptive qualitative, meaning in writing only contains description of description and do not use statistical data. Informant resource that related to subject matter selected quality, which then presented descriptively related to problem studied.Based on the research and discussion, it can be concluded because there is a transfer of dependency on banking in Banjarnegara because of the increase of capital with the increase of ceiling due to the transfer of the dependent, due to the law, due to the transfer of the dependent giver. The role of Notary and PPAT in relation to the transfer of rights process in Banjarnegara Regency is to make an authentic deed, authentic deed in the implementation of the transfer of guarantee of Mortgage right is the Deed of Assignment Rights (APHT). The making of APHT deed must be made by Notary and PPAT. This is a form of the special principle of Mortgage Rights, Conducting legalization of credit agreements, contracting agreements, creating power of attorney, filing to maintain client confidentiality, assisting parties in performing legal actions and assisting the government in realizing the orderly administration of land registration.Constraints in the execution of transfer of Mortgage Rights to the banking and its solutions in Banjarnegara Regency are obstacles prior to the occurrence of bonding, barriers faced by Notary during the occurrence of bonding, barriers faced by Notary after the occurrence of binding, obstacles encountered in the implementation of the transfer of guarantee of Mortgage Rights from the old creditor to the new creditor is the obstacle occurs BPN. The possible solutions to these obstacles are; provide understanding to the bank that the file that has been submitted to the notary has actually been approved by the prospective debtor both interest and administrative and insurance fees. The solution to the obstacles faced by the notary after the bonding is: to anticipate the denial of the debtor against the signature that has been made before the notary, the original file or file must be checked and displayed to the notary and under the copy of the debtor's ID card, signed by the person concerned. Notary parties must play an active role to confirm to the BPN not only waiting for confirmation back from BPN. The solution to the obstacles faced by BPN in the implementation of the transfer of Mortgage Rights to banks is still very limited by increasing human resources in BPH through Work Shop, seminars, improving facilities and infrastructure.Keywords: transfer of mortgage, banking, notary / PPAT