Evolution of the Material Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of AA1100 Aluminum Alloy within a Complex Porthole Die during Extrusion

Microchannel tube (MCT) is widely employed in industry due to its excellent efficiency in heat transfer. An MCT is commonly produced through extrusion within a porthole die, where severe plastic deformation is inevitably involved. Moreover, the plastic deformation, which dramatically affects the final property of the MCT, varies significantly from location to location. In order to understand the development of the microstructure and its effect on the final property of the MCT, the viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) model, together with the finite element analysis and the flow line model, is employed in the current study. The flow line model is used to reproduce the local velocity gradient within the complex porthole die, while VPSC model is employed to predict the evolution of the microstructure accordingly. In addition, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurement and mechanical tests are used to characterize the evolution of the microstructure and the property of the MCT. The simulation results agree well with the corresponding experimental ones. The influence of the material’s flow line on the evolution of the orientation and morphology of the grains, and the property of the produced MCT are discussed in detail.

Evolution of the Material Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of A1100 Aluminum Alloy within a Complex Porthole Die during Extrusion

Micro channel tube (MCT) is widely employed in industry due to its excellent efficiency in heat transfer. An MCT is commonly produced through extrusion within a porthole die, where severe plastic deformation is inevitably involved. Moreover, the plastic deformation, which dramatically affects the final property of the MCT, varies significantly from location to location. In order to understand the development of the microstructure and its effect on the final property of the MCT, the viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) model, together with the finite element analysis and the flow line model, is employed in the current study. The flow line model is used to reproduce the local velocity gradient within the complex porthole die, while VPSC model is employed to predict the evolution of the microstructure accordingly. In addition, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurement and mechanical tests are used to characterize the evolution of the microstructure and the property of the MCT. The simulation results agree well with the corresponding experimental ones. The influence of the material’s flow line on the evolution of the orientation and morphology of the grains, and the property of the produced MCT are discussed in detail.

Motives in Gift Contracts // Motiv kod ugovora o poklonu

IIn this paper, the claim is that the motives (initiatives) are an integral part of the case for a gift contract, and that the decisive motive is doubly consequential. Inducing the creation of a contract, the production of final property-related consequences is conditioned by its existence and its permissiveness at the time of conclusion of the contract. From the fact that the Law on Obligations does not explicitly form a positive law institute, judicial practice, from case to case, makes the legal fate of the contract dependent on the existence of a motive referring to pre-war legal rules. The paper studies our concept that focuses on considerations for examining the deduction of a donor’s property which justifies his legal protection if the decisive motive is wasted. It presents the legal foundation and the particular effect of terminating the gift contract in the event of a causal link between the decisive motive for the conclusion of the contract and its disposition after the conclusion of the gift contract. Then, the cases of impermissible motives for the reduction of the property of a donor from the point of view of public order, good customs and imperative norms are analyzed and the sanctions determined. After considering cases of their existence, it was pointed out that the contracting parties, third parties and the public prosecutor who call for their existence should prove that the decision on the gift contract was based on an inadmissible initiative, and not that there was not any. On these grounds, the concept of a gift contract is empirical and comparatively and legally tested. The aim of the paper is to provide the author`s reasoned legal answers based on the primary and secondary sources of information on varying court practice.

International Real Estate Review

This study examines whether the reserve prices in court auctions of residential real estate in Seoul, Korea result in reference price effects by influencing the amount of the successful bid. We also explore whether the sensitivity of these reference price effects differ with housing size and assess whether the expected rate of the selling price can be predicted based on the different reserve price levels. The panel data estimates presented herein show that reserve prices positively influence the final property transfer prices; in other words, the reserve prices yield strong reference price effects. The results of the ordinary least square regressions show that the sensitivity of the reference price effects differs with housing size, albeit in an inconsistent manner. Finally, the response surface methodology analysis indicates * Corresponding author 76 No, Kim and Yu that different reserve prices lead to different reference price effects with locality across the Seoul metropolitan area. The study thus provides courts and bidders with the means to predict the potential rate of the selling price, which will be useful for decision making in auctions.

The Trouble with Lenders: Subtleties in the Debt Financing of Commercial Real Estate

With interest rates near all-time lows in late 2015, Stanley Cirano knew it was an opportune time to consider the financing on his portfolio of commercial real estate. Cirano Properties was the general partner on three separate private equity investments of retail shopping centers in suburban Chicago. The first, Brookline Road Shopping Center, had been acquired in 2006 and had been managed through the financial crisis and real estate downturn. The property was performing well and Cirano wondered whether it made sense to refinance or sell. The second property, Columbus Festival Plaza, had been acquired in a 2010 bankruptcy auction. Although the property had needed a good amount of capital improvements, Cirano was proud of the growth in net operating income he had been able to generate. The final property, Deerwood Acres, had been developed by Cirano himself after acquiring the property in 2013 from the previous owner, who had been operating a go-cart track and drive-in theater on the land. Cirano expected great things from the property, though his lease-up had been slower than anticipated. Although the three properties had different levels of performance and presented different management issues, they all shared the fact that they were all significantly financed, in part, with debt. As the properties were acquired at different times, Cirano had simply selected what seemed like reasonable financing at the time. With his concern that interest rates would soon be rising, Cirano thought it made sense to take a holistic view of his portfolio, consider what debt options were available to him, and make a sound strategic decision on the financing of all his assets at the same time.

Influence of Grinding α-Gypsum on its Final Property

The purpose of research work has been to verify an influence of α-gypsum grinding on its final property. The production of α-gypsum was performed by pressureless method in salt solution with partial substitute still used dehydrating solution of sodium chloride and calcium chloride.

Analysis of Property Changes of Ductile Iron in Different Environments

The problem of engineering materials failing in structures like bridges, pipelines, refinery and automobile equipments is becoming a source of concern to the people of the developing nations especially Nigerians. This sometimes might be attributed to the environments in which the materials are being used or stored and the source of the materials. There is a need therefore, to evaluate the effects of these environments on the final property, especially the mechanical properties of the materials. Based on the peculiarity of ductile iron (DI) having its application in most engineering works in different environments, the material was subjected to four different environments namely alkaline (NaOH), brackish (NaCl), air conditioning (A/C), and outside environment, coinciding with the environments of application. The material was later subjected to series of mechanical tests and the behavioural changes (especially the mechanical property) of the materials in these environments were monitored for the period. It was observed that the ductile iron placed outside had the highest elastic properties and hardness of 1341.72Hv while alkaline environment had the highest strength of 3321.75MPa. The alkaline environment gives the highest performance as it had a quality index of 4,038,837, followed by outside environment while salty environment had the least.

Study on the Influence of Cooling Rate on the Property of Non-Quenching and Non-Tempering Steel OCTG

Two industrial produced non-quenching and non-tempering steels 40Mn2V and 36Mn2V had been tested by Gleeble-1500 thermal simulation machine to simulate MPM rolling, sizing and cooling process. The cooling rate in the air noticeably affected the final property of different size pipes. According to the measured practical cooling rates of different size pipes, appropriate size pipes with cooling rate at range of 0.9°C/s~1.6°C/s and 1.6 °C/s~2.1°C/s can be picked out to use steel 40Mn2V and 36Mn2V to produce grade N80 OCTG(Oil Country Tubular Goods) with steady property respectively. This result had been used in practical production, which greatly improved the property stability of grade N80 OCTG.