Phenomenon of urban boundary in a structure of a city. The case of Vilnius.

The article presents a theoretical – fundamental study of phenomenon of physical boundaries in a city and their meaning for the existing urban fabric. The paper draws attention to their different nature and possibilities of integration. In terms of its impact, an urban boundary can be both a catalyst and a tool that forces/stimulates/determines some or other conditions significant in formation of an urban structure. The aim of research is to identify/distinguish these boundaries in a city and see their multi-dimensional character, both in terms of positive and negative impacts on the existing environment. The article studies both the theoretical platform for urban boundaries and the practical works/projects, on the basis of which the laws of urban structure resulting from the perception of physical boundaries and principled solutions to eliminate the negative consequences of these boundaries and to promote positive ones are sought. The article moves from theory to practice by identifying the urban boundaries by means of an experiment, for implementation of which a complex city and then a particular district of it are selected. The city of Vilnius and its district Naujoji Vilnia have been chosen for this role. Vilnius is known for its rich topography, which allows the observation of natural boundaries formed by nature. And the selected district perfectly visualizes a merger of different physical boundaries that is interesting in its multi-dimensional character and impact on the structure. The authors study the general extent to which physical boundaries have common points of contact in territories of different scale, what they are, where they are located and how they operate in the local context and what principles could be applied in order to highlight them or diminish their effect

«RIGHT ANSWER THESIS», RUSSIAN LAW AND NORMATIVE BASES OF SENTENCING

В статье автор обращается к исследованию «тезиса правильного ответа», предложенного выдающимся американским правоведом Рональдом Майлзом Дворкином (1931-2013). Р. Дворкин высказывал мысль о том, что в развитых правовых системах всегда имеется предзаданный единственно верный ответ на любой юридический вопрос. Актуальность темы исследования связана, с одной стороны, с теоретической фундаментальностью и практической ценностью воззрений американского правоведа, с другой - с их оригинальностью и провокативностью по отношению к традиционным теориям права. Новизна исследования обусловлена малой изученностью данной темы в отечественном правоведении, а равно обращением к проблеме применимости «тезиса правильного ответа» Р. Дворкина за пределами англо-американского права (что составляет основную цель работы). В статье на базе общенаучных методов фиксируются основные позиции и аргументы Р. Дворкина, связанные с «тезисом правильного ответа», изучается его применимость к российскому праву, в том числе к объяснению российского уголовного судопроизводства. Автор высказывает мнение о возможности существования в правовой системе единственно верного ответа, отмечая при этом отсутствие универсальности или необходимости такого положения дел. Подчеркивается некорректность безоговорочного применения тезиса Р. Дворкина как в качестве общего принципа или аксиомы российского права, так и в качестве более частной характеристики нормативных начал и институциональной практики назначения уголовных наказаний. In the article, the author refers to the study of the « correct answer thesis » proposed by the prominent American jurist, Ronald Myles Dworkin (1931-2013). R. Dvorkin expressed the idea that in developed legal systems there is always a predetermined only correct answer to any legal question. The relevance of the research topic is connected, on the one hand, with the theoretical fundamental and practical value of the views of the American jurist, on the other - with their originality and provocation in relation to traditional theories of law. The novelty of the study is due to the low level of study of this topic in Russian law, as well as the appeal to the problem of the applicability of the « correct answer thesis » by R. Dvorkin outside of Anglo-American law (which is the main goal of the work). The article uses General scientific methods to fix the main positions and arguments of R. Dvorkin related to the « correct answer thesis » , and examines its applicability to Russian law, including the explanation of Russian criminal proceedings. The author expresses the opinion that the only correct answer can exist in the legal system, while noting the lack of universality or the need for such a state of affairs. The author emphasizes the incorrectness of the unconditional application of R. Dvorkin's thesis both as a General principle or axiom of Russian law, and as a more specific characteristic of the normative principles and institutional practice of assigning criminal penalties.

THE SOLUTIONS TO ENHANCE PERFORMANCE OF PARLIAMENTARY FRIENDSHIP GROUP AND ITS POSITION IN PARLIAMENTARY DIPLOMACY

On one hand, this study has considered the theoretical foundations of foreign policy and parliamentary relations and introduction of new effect of parliamentary relations and the solutions to enhance and improve that at the political world using juridical-legal regulations. This study can be considered as a fundamental research to increase the information in theoretical field of jurisprudence and law, international relations and familiarity with this important concept in 21st century. On the other hand, because of investigating the issue of enhancement of parliamentary relations in field of politics in general form and the interaction of Islamic Consultative Assembly (Iranian Parliament) with international and regional parliamentary assemblies in special form and presentation of suggestions to enhance the interactions using juridical-legal regulations; this study can be considered as an applied research. In this study, the specialized knowledge and executive insight is improved from different aspects in field of theoretical (fundamental) and academic (applied) dimensions.

ON THE TASKS OF REORGANIZATION ENGINEERING GEOLOGY IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The state of engineering geology in Russia and the main tasks for its reorganization in connection with the ongoing reform of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the current problems of the development of science in the Russian Federation in the present period are analyzed. The main drawbacks of the current state of engineering geology, according to the authors, are: 1) low level of organization and coordination of engineering and geological work, including scientific, in the country; 2) non-demand by the business of scientific developments and innovative achievements of modern engineering geology; 3) lowering the level of constantly updated and changing regulatory framework, especially in the field of engineering surveys; 4) shortcomings in the training of highly qualified engineers-geologists. The tasks of development of engineering geology in connection with the message of President Vladimir Putin to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on March 1, 2018 are considered. The analysis of the message of the President of the Russian Federation, implies at least five priorities, in the implementation of which modern geological engineering should also find its worthy place: 1) the spatial development of the country; 2) the development of communications; 3) the solution of a number of environmental issues; 4) the development of fundamental science; 5) training of highly qualified personnel. Without the participation of engineering geologists, the effective solution of these tasks is impossible. The theoretical (fundamental) and practical role of engineering geology, as the science of the geological cycle in solving these major problems is indicated. The necessity of the All-Russian Congress of Engineers-Geologists is substantiated, where it is proposed to discuss the pressing issues of the reorganization of engineering geology in the country, its structure, as well as actual theoretical (fundamental) and practical (applied) problems of its development, the training of highly qualified engineers and geologists, etc.

Preliminary Exploration of Cell-Based SAW Detection for Water Toxicity

Nowadays, many surface sensing mechanisms exist, not all of them can be applied in water-based environment. Most of surface sensing techniques were developed in air-based environment. In order to obtain a potential cell-based biosensor, the sensing method needs to be reliable and repeatable in liquid environment. Therefore, we adapt existing air-based surface acoustic sensor and promote the technology into water-based applications. The goal of this study is to apply surface acoustic waves (SAW) for water-based environment sensing. We will use shear horizontal wave (SH wave) as surface sensing mechanism. SH wave is a type of surface acoustic waves (SAW) which can be used for weight/mass sensing in the air environment. Interdigitated transducers (IDTs) induce the deformation of an ST-cut quartz crystal substrate in AC source and generate waves. With a thin layer of polymer like Parylene and polyimide, the SH wave will be confined between the interface of substrate and polymer layer without suffering the energy loss due to the liquid damping from above. The fundamental frequency of the SAW device is defined by the spacing between the electrodes of IDT. The frequency of interests for this research is below 100 MHz in water-based environment. Due to the stable frequency characteristics of ST-cut quartz in room temperature, this SAW device can be a good candidate for field applications. From an early IDTs design, investigation in material and IDTs configuration is necessary to improve signal quality in order to qualify for liquid phase cell-based bio-sensing applications. A simplified 3D unit cell FEM model is created to study the thickness effects of wave-guide and electrodes. Boundary conditions and assumptions are discussed in the modeling. The simulated eigenfrequency of SH mode is close to the theoretical fundamental frequency of the 64μm wavelength IDTs. The mass damping effects from gold electrodes is more significant than aluminum electrodes.

Design of Control System in the Class of Two-Parametric Structurally Stable Mappings

In this paper, we proposed a method for design of control systems with a high potential of robust stability in a class of two-parametric structurally stable mappings. Research of robust stability is based on the geometric interpretation of the second Lyapunov method, and also definition of system stability in the state space.We propose a method for construct the control system, designed in two-parametric class of structurally stable mappings, which will be sustained indefinitely in a wide range of uncertain parameters of the control object. This work presents novelty theoretical fundamental results assisting in analyzing of the behavior of control systems, meaning of robust stability.