Understanding Farmer and Government Measure in Rat Pests Control in Rice Fields

This paper discusses the control of rat pets through highlighting its population growth, ecosystem, types and possible mechanism to use. During extended periods of fallow, rice field rats tend to congregate in escape places (refuge regions) such as bushes, yards, or rice warehouses. Rice plants suffered damage equivalent to five times their feeding requirements when rats were present. Rats damage plants from the tiller stage to the maximal tiller stages by devouring the growth point and the soft base of the stem while leaving the other portions of the plant unharmed. Without intensive control efforts (since the start of MT1), the rat population density on MT2 is confirmed to be higher and poses a serious threat to the success of MT2 harvesting. In one rice growing season, there is one population peak so in the rice-paddy-fallow cropping pattern there are two (2) population peaks.

Italy on COVID-19: Response and Strategy

Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) in Italy was remarkably immense, with more than two hundred thousand infected cases, and more than thirty thousand people had died because of the virus as of 27th July 2020. The high number of mortality rate makes the Italy case is essential to be further explored. This article aims to elaborate on government response and strategy in handling COVID-19 that spread within the country. This article unfolds in four sections; the first part discusses how COVID-19 could spread massively in Italy and cause death for a thousand people. The second part explains the government measure and its effectivity in containing the virus. The third part elaborates on the impact of COVID-19 along with the government response in the socio-economic aspect. The last part explores the future of Italy after COVID-19. The article employs a literature review that analyzes information from various sources such as academic journals, research reports from the think tank, and news media outlets. Keywords: Coronavirus, Italy, Government, Response Kasus coronavirus di Italia sangat tinggi dan massif dengan lebih dari dua ratus ribu orang terinfeksi dan lebih dari lima puluh ribu orang meninggal pertanggal 27 Juli 2020. Tingginya jumlah orang yang terinfeksi dan jumlah orang yang meninggal membuat Italia menjadi kasus yang menarik untuk dibahas. Tujuan dari artikel ini untuk mengelaborasi tentang bagaimana respon dan strategi pemerintah Italia dalam menangani virus yang sudah menyebar di Italia. Artikel ini terdiri dari empat bahasan, pertama membahas tentang awal mula COVID-19 bisa menyebar secara masif di Italia dan mengakibatkan puluhan ribu orang meninggal. Kedua, membahas tentang bagaimana respon dari pemerintah Italia dan juga efektifitasnya dalam menangani penyebaran virus ini. Ketiga, membahas tentang dampak yang diakibatkan dari COVID-19 beserta respon pemerintah terhadap aspek sosio-ekonomi di Italia. Keempat, mendiskusikan bagaimana masa depan Italia setelah COVID-19. Artikel ini menggunakan tinjauan pustaka untuk melakukan analisis terkait dengan topik artikel yang berasal dari banyak sumber seperti jurnal akademis, laporan peneltian, artikel berita dan lain sebagainya. Kata-kata Kunci: Coronavirus, Italia, Pemerintah, Respons

Governmental Measures towards the Coronavirus Crisis Management: An Applied Study from the Viewpoint of Faculty Members in Jordanian Universities

This study is considered one of the rare studios in the world that examine the effect of government measures towards managing the Coronavirus crisis, according to the researcher's knowledge, the study relied on the descriptive-analytical approach, as well as on interviews with those in charge of crisis management in Jordan, (254) questionnaires were obtained from the study population sample, the Sampling unit was represented by faculty members in the departments of political science, media, and economics in Jordanian universities. The study reached the following: the high level of government measure implementation in the face of the Corona crisis, that the level of corona crisis management was moderate, and the effect of governmental measures on the management of the Corona crisis is an applied study from the viewpoint of faculty members in Jordanian universities. The study recommended the development of comprehensive visual and written media programs to educate citizens about the risk of disease, intensify health measures through preventive tracking teams for early detection of cases, that security measures not be at the expense of public freedoms, and find solutions to current and expected economic problems due to the crisis.

Proportionality and Constitutional Governance

The chapter explains why enforcement of the proportionality principle has become the central procedural component of constitutional governance in the world today. Part I argues that proportionality analysis [PA]—with its distinctive sequence of subtests culminating in balancing—neatly fits the structure of qualified rights, providing a comprehensive analytical framework for adjudicating them. A right’s provision is “qualified” when it contains a limitation clause, which authorizes government officials to restrict the enjoyment of a right for some sufficiently important public purpose. Today, virtually all of the most powerful courts in the world deploy PA to determine whether officials have properly exercised their authority under limitation clauses. PA proceeds through a sequence of subtests: (i) “legitimacy,” or “proper purpose”; (ii) “suitability” or “rational connection”; (iii) “necessity”; and (iv) “proportionality in the strict sense.” A government measure that fails any subtest in this sequence is unlawful. Part II directs attention to the various ways in which proportionality enables judges to manage legitimacy issues associated with the judicial supremacy that comes with trusteeship. PA enables judges: to avoid creating rigid hierarchies among rights and interests; to exploit the legitimizing logics of Pareto optimality (reducing harm to the loser as much as possible); and to identify and respect the lawmaking prerogatives of the officials whose policymaking they supervise. Part III develops a simple model of constitutional governance—with rights, a duty of officials to justify their rights-regarding actions, and PA at its core—and respond to objections and alternatives.

Decisions of the atpdea and its impact on the floriculture. Comparative case Colombia-Ecuador. 2011-2015

The floriculture in Ecuador generates important sources of work and national development, so it was proposed as a general objective, to compare the flower exports of Ecuador versus Colombia in the period 2011 - 2015, considering the influence of the decision of the Ecuadorian government to eliminate the tariff preference of the ATPDEA in 2013, applying the deductive, quantitative, descriptive, documentary and field methodology, after applied the direct observation of the records of the state institutions (Central Bank of Ecuador and PROECUADOR), Observing the following results: Ecuadorian flower exports in 2011-2015 showed an irregular trend, increasing in 2012 and 2013, decreasing in 2014, increasing in 2015, showing a drop in 2014, a period after the ATPDEA rupture on the part of the Central government, recovering in 2015, while Colombian flower exports grew in 2012, 2013 and 2014 but declined in 2015, showing an increase in 2014 (the period after the ATPDEA rupture by the Ecuadorian government) and a drop in 2015, where Ecuadorian exports were recovered, is spite of it, a negative behavior in 2014 when compared to Colombia, corroborating the hypothesis, nevertheless, the country's evident recovery in flower exports, which was better than the decline in Colombia , said that the national government measure, only caused slight affectation to the floriculturist sector.

Legitimacy of Law: Design and Measurement

Legitimacy is the ground of society. However today in all world founded crisis of society confidence. It connected with social world uncertainty. Problem of legitimacy of law is very actual in jury science. Legitimacy like recognition is the essential basis of the rights. Legitimacy of law is social construct, produced by government. Measure of legitimacy of law possible only by illegitimacy of legal relations, legal institutions, legal system indicator.

‘Fossil Fueling the Apocalypse’: Australian Coal Subsidies and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures

Global fossil fuel subsidies are substantial and contribute to climate change. They also undermine the ambitions of the Paris Agreement. However, under the WTO, the international community's foremost economic institution, it is renewable energy subsidies, not fossil fuel subsidies, that have been subjected to litigation. To date, no fossil fuel subsidy has ever been brought before the WTO's Dispute Settlement Body (DSB). This paper makes a unique contribution to the literature on energy subsidies by applying the WTO covered Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (1994) (SCM Agreement) to a specific government measure designed to support the coal export industry in Australia: namely, the proposed concessional loan for the construction of a rail line between the Carmichael coal mine and Abbot Point coal port by the Northern Australia Infrastructure Facility (NAIF). In finding that this measure is in breach of the SCM Agreement, this paper foreshadows future litigation and provides guidance to non-government organizations (NGOs) seeking to identify other unlawful fossil fuel subsidies.

Why Implement Distributed Systems in Municipal Music Schools in Colombia?

In Colombia, since 2003, the public policy "National Plan of Music for citizen Coexistence" has been implemented as a government measure, which provides music courses in each one of the country's municipalities. This plan does not take into account the use of technologies to share the experiences of each one of the schools.Taking into account the above- mentioned points, this article focuses its attention on the search of technologies that can be used to share multimedia content such as Content Delivery Network (CDN), Learning Management System (LCMS) and Distributed Systems in order to indicate which technology is the most appropriate to fulfill this purpose.In that sense, through the Wireshark tool, network traffic is captured for each one of the tests performed: Upload, display and deletion of videos for each configured technology (CDN, LCMS and Distributed Systems), having as comparison parameters the following aspects: Real-time Traffic, Total Traffic Vs Packet Loss, Communication Exchange and Protocol Hierarchies. After doing that, we proceed to take statistics to be analyzed and obtain the comparative results that are needed for this research.Finally, one can conclude the comparison of the results of each technology: that it is appropriate that the municipal schools of music use distributed systems because the size of the packets sent is smaller than that one that is sent by CDN and CML technologies. There are no multiple communication jumps. No prior approval is required to publish the content and there is no limitation on the size of the content to be published.