Adaptation of a Refactoring DSL for the Object-Oriented Paradigm

Many development environments offer refactorings aimed at improving non-functional properties of software, but we have no guarantees that these transformations indeed preserve the observable behavior of the source code they are applied on. An existing domain-specific language makes it possible to formalize automatically verifiable refactorings via instantiating predefined transformation schemes with conditional term rewrite rules. We present a proposal for adapting this language from the functional to the object-oriented programming paradigm, using Java instead of Erlang as a representative. The behavior-preserving property of discussed refactorings is characterized with a multilayered definition of equivalence for Java programs, including the conformity relation of class hierarchies. Based on the decomposition of a complex refactoring rule, we show how new transformation schemes can be identified, along with modifications and extensions of the description language required to accommodate them. Finally, we formally define the chosen base refactoring as a composition of scheme instances.

IMAGES IN SCYTHIAN ANIMAL STYLE ON THE ARTEFACTS OF «CRIMEAN COLLECTION»

Article presents the results of the integration of the array of zoomorphic images on the objects from the «chance finds» collection stored in the Archaeological Museum of the Institute of Archaeology of NAS of Ukraine and published by S. A. Skoriy and R. V. Zimoviec, in the systematics of the images of the Eastern-European Scythian animal style created by the author, based on the latest data. The realized iconographic and statistical analysis suggests, on the one hand, the authenticity of most of the items of the «Crimean collection» (conditional term proposed by the author), decorated in the manner of the Scythian animal style, on the other hand, that these items can be initially located not only in the Crimea, but also in other regions of the Scythian archaeological culture, and primarily from the regions of the Kuban and the Middle and Lower Dnieper basins.

Sustainable Development: Myth or Reality?

<p><em>The report “Our Common Future” gives a definition of sustainable development. </em></p><p><em>In principle, the idea of sustainable development is extremely humane and noble, and it has no alternative. But at the same time this idea in the modern world looks very unrealistic. This is more a slogan than a scientific concept. Sustainable development of our planet is a global process, it is an ideal, because our planet is a single balanced geoecological system. However, today theoretically sustainable development can be achieved only in a small number of highly developed post-industrial countries. In developing countries, unfortunately, there can be no question of sustainable development. In other words, at the global level, it is not possible to achieve sustainable development in the near future.</em></p><p><em>There can be no sustainable development in a single country. But this does not mean that all countries without exception do not need to implement environmental protection activity. On the contrary, it is necessary to carry out such activities everywhere. But this will not be sustainable development, this will be local measures for the rational use of nature. But all these measures are of a local nature, they will not become global, which means that this will not be a sustainable development.</em></p><p><em>However, the term “sustainable development” has gained wide popularity, is humane in nature, so it may remain, but we should remember that this is just a conditional term, and in fact it is a rational use of nature on a local level.</em></p><p><em>Examples of sustainable development strategies and projects in a number of countries are given. It is shown that most of these projects are in essence projects on rational nature use in individual regions. The other part which concerns global problems, can be implemented only by developed countries, they also cannot be sustainable development projects.</em></p>