Deeply Buried Nuclei in the Infrared-luminous Galaxies NGC 4418 and Arp 220. I. ALMA Observations at λ = 1.4–0.4 mm and Continuum Analysis

We observed with Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array three deeply buried nuclei in two galaxies, NGC 4418 and Arp 220, at ∼0.″2 resolution over a total bandwidth of 67 GHz in f rest = 215–697 GHz. Here we (1) introduce our program, (2) describe our data reduction method for wide-band, high-resolution imaging spectroscopy, (3) analyze in visibilities the compact nuclei with line forests, (4) develop a continuum-based estimation method of dust opacity and gas column density in heavily obscured nuclei, which uses the buried galactic nuclei (BGN) model and is sensitive to log ( N H 2 / cm − 2 ) ∼ 25–26 at λ ∼ 1 mm, and (5) present the continuum data and diagnosis of our targets. The three continuum nuclei have major-axis FWHMs of ∼0.″1–0.″3 (20–140 pc) aligned to their rotating nuclear disks of molecular gas. However, each nucleus is described better with two or three concentric components than with a single Gaussian. The innermost cores have sizes of 0.″05–0.″10 (8–40 pc), peak brightness temperatures of ∼100–500 K at 350 GHz, and more fractional flux at lower frequencies. The intermediate components correspond to the nuclear disks. They have axial ratios of ≈0.5 and hence inclinations ≳60°. The outermost elements include the bipolar outflow from Arp 220W. We estimate 1 mm dust opacity of τ d,1 mm ≈ 2.2, 1.2, and ≲0.4, respectively, for NGC 4418, Arp 220W, and Arp 220E. The first two correspond to log ( N H / cm − 2 ) ∼ 26 for conventional dust-opacity laws, and hence the nuclei are highly Compton thick.

Compactness by Coarse-Graining in Long-Range Lattice Systems

We consider energies on a periodic set {\mathcal{L}} of the form {\sum_{i,j\in\mathcal{L}}a^{\varepsilon}_{ij}\lvert u_{i}-u_{j}\rvert}, defined on spin functions {u_{i}\in\{0,1\}}, and we suppose that the typical range of the interactions is {R_{\varepsilon}} with {R_{\varepsilon}\to+\infty}, i.e., if {\lvert i-j\rvert\leq R_{\varepsilon}}, then {a^{\varepsilon}_{ij}\geq c>0}. In a discrete-to-continuum analysis, we prove that the overall behavior as {\varepsilon\to 0} of such functionals is that of an interfacial energy. The proof is performed using a coarse-graining procedure which associates to scaled functions defined on {\varepsilon\mathcal{L}} with equibounded energy a family of sets with equibounded perimeter. This agrees with the case of equibounded {R_{\varepsilon}} and can be seen as an extension of coerciveness result for short-range interactions, but is different from that of other long-range interaction energies, whose limit exits the class of surface energies. A computation of the limit energy is performed in the case {\mathcal{L}=\mathbb{Z}^{d}}.

THE EFFECT OF INTERNAL AUDIT ON FRAUD PREVENTION AT PT POS INDONESIA

To be able to manage and manage company assets efficient, then management requires the function or role of checking diamonds or more known as internal audit. In addition, to get company property / wealth from cheating. Fraud is something that must be prevented by the company so that it does not happen, for that role is needed internal audit in saving company assets from fraud. This research tries to Knowing the implementation of internal audits, overcoming fraud (fraud), and the role of the audit internal fraud preven/tion efforts (Fraud) at PT Pos Indonesia (Persero) Office Center of Bandung. The method used in this research is survey method. Analysis Descriptive data of research results using continuum analysis. Data analysis using contrary to Product Moment. Hypothesis testing using t test. Based on test results Obtained from the conclusion that the implementation of internal audit is good, and the conclusion cheating (fraud) is good. The results of the audit assessment coefficient values when internal with variables overcoming fraud (fraud) of 0.583, included in the category of "moderate" (0.4 - 0.599). T test results indicate that tcount> t table (4,054> 2,037) or hypothesis is accepted. With thus it can be concluded that "Internal Audit has a significant role Fraud prevention efforts (fraud) at PT Pos Indonesia (Persero) Bandung.

Triaxial Testing’s 1/6th Rule: Particle-Continuum Analysis of Granular Stability during Compression

The 1/6th Rule of Triaxial Testing says that particles larger than 1/6th the diameter of the specimen will skew test results when not discarded. Although this rule is documented in the procedures of government laboratories, its origin is obscure. In this paper, the rule is derived as a corollary of granular stability. The stability derivation involves particle-continuum analysis. However, instead of a discrete element formulation or Cosserat mechanics, this paper uses the classical solution of Sokolovskii that is the modern basis of Terzaghi bearing capacity theory. Stability of a soil particle is addressed within the continuum by matching leading terms of series expansions, which is also known as the singular perturbation method. This finding is similar to previous derivations involving deformation of geosynthetic reinforced soil.