Relation between Knowledge and Mother’s Occupation with Growth and Development of Children between Ages 5-6 in Tk At-Taqwa Cimahi

In Indonesia, 45.7% toddlers experienced growth and development disorders. As a candidate for the nation’s next generation, the quality of their growth and development needs serious attention. Knowledge and awareness of mothers play snificant role towards child growth and development. Mother’s occupation, in general, can depict the broadness of the mothers knowledge. In other words, the mother’s occupation can affect the growth and development of their children. This study aims to determine the relationship of mother’s knowledge and occupation with growth and development in children aged 5-6 years at At-Taqwa Cimahi Kindergarten in 2016. The research method used is correlative with cross-sectional design. Samples were 47 mothers with a total sampling technique. Data was obtained by using amultiple choice researc questionnaire for mother and analyzed by univariate and bivariate method with Chi-Square test. The majority of respondents had good knowledge (57.4%), most did not work (55.3%), most of the growth of their children was normal (61.7%) and most of their children’s development was doubtful (55.3%). There is no relationship between mother’s knowledge with the growth of children (p value =, 1.00). There is a relationship between mother’s knowledge and child development in (pValue = 0.01), between mother’s occupation with the growth of children (p Value = 0.01) and also between mother’s occupation and child development (p Value = 0.003). It is recommended that parents broaden their knowledge as effort to develop children’s growth and development abilities that can be optimized by stimulation. Keywords: Cross-sectional, development, employment, growth, knowledge

Landslide Susceptibility Assessment Using Bivariate Method: A Case Study from River Neelum and Jehlum Catchment Area

Landslide is a frequently occurring natural calamity in the northern areas of Pakistan. The current study is aimed to assess the susceptibility of landslide hazard to highlight the vulnerable areas for the purpose of risk reduction along Neelum and Jehlum rivers in district Muzaffarabad. A data-driven predictive approach was adopted to conduct this study by using Weight of Evidence (WOE) model along with eleven conditioning factors. A spatial distribution map of landslides was prepared using orthophoto, previous records, and derivatives (hill shad, topographic openness, slope, aspect, curvature) of Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The results show that the roads, lithology, and rivers are the most important triggering factors for landslides in both valleys. Approximately 30% of the area is under low susceptibility zone in Jhelum valley while only 13% of the area falls under low susceptibility zone in Neelum river valley. In Jhelum river valley the medium susceptibility zone covers 35% of the total area whereas, Neelam river valley has 26% of the total area under medium susceptibility zone. Around 61% of the land in the Neelam river valley and 35% of the land in the Jhelum river valley are under high susceptibility zone. The area under high hazard lies in the north-east of the district due to multiple conducive factors to trigger landslides including weak lithology (mudstone, sandstone, shales, and clays), high altitude along steep slopes and excessive precipitation (1800 mm/ year). Furthermore, the high hazard zone in study area is not suitable for construction purpose but was suitable for plantation. The validation result (89.41%) is justifying the performance of this model.

Observational Constraint on Greenhouse Gas and Aerosol Contributions to Global Ocean Heat Content Changes

Observations and climate models are combined to identify an anthropogenic warming signature in the upper ocean heat content (OHC) changes since 1971. We apply a new detection and attribution analysis developed by Ribes et al. that uses a symmetric treatment of the magnitude and the pattern of the climate response to each radiative forcing. A first estimate of the OHC response to natural, anthropogenic, greenhouse gas, and other forcings is derived from a large ensemble of CMIP5 simulations. Observational datasets from historical reconstructions are then used to constrain this estimate. A spatiotemporal observational mask is applied to compare simulations with actual observations and to overcome reconstruction biases. Results on the 0–700-m layer from 1971 to 2005 show that the global OHC would have increased since 1971 by 2.12 ± 0.21 × 107 J m−2 yr−1 in response to GHG emissions alone. But this has been compensated for by other anthropogenic influences (mainly aerosol), which induced an OHC decrease of 0.84 ± 0.18 × 107 J m−2 yr−1. The natural forcing has induced a slight global OHC decrease since 1971 of 0.13 ± 0.09 × 107 J m−2 yr−1. Compared to previous studies we have separated the effect of the GHG forcing from the effect of the other anthropogenic forcing on OHC changes. This has been possible by using a new detection and attribution (D&A) method and by analyzing simultaneously the global OHC trends over 1957–80 and over 1971–2005. This bivariate method takes advantage of the different time variation of the GHG forcing and the aerosol forcing since 1957 to separate both effects and reduce the uncertainty in their estimates.

Antibody Tests in Detecting SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Meta-Analysis

The emergence of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 made imperative the need for diagnostic tests that can identify the infection. Although Nucleic Acid Test (NAT) is considered to be the gold standard, serological tests based on antibodies could be very helpful. However, individual studies are usually inconclusive, thus, a comparison of different tests is needed. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis in PubMed, medRxiv and bioRxiv. We used the bivariate method for meta-analysis of diagnostic tests pooling sensitivities and specificities. We evaluated IgM and IgG tests based on Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Chemiluminescence Enzyme Immunoassays (CLIA), Fluorescence Immunoassays (FIA), and the Lateral Flow Immunoassays (LFIA). We identified 38 studies containing data from 7848 individuals. Tests using the S antigen are more sensitive than N antigen-based tests. IgG tests perform better compared to IgM ones and show better sensitivity when the samples were taken longer after the onset of symptoms. Moreover, a combined IgG/IgM test seems to be a better choice in terms of sensitivity than measuring either antibody alone. All methods yield high specificity with some of them (ELISA and LFIA) reaching levels around 99%. ELISA- and CLIA-based methods perform better in terms of sensitivity (90%–94%) followed by LFIA and FIA with sensitivities ranging from 80% to 89%. ELISA tests could be a safer choice at this stage of the pandemic. LFIA tests are more attractive for large seroprevalence studies but show lower sensitivity, and this should be taken into account when designing and performing seroprevalence studies.

Antibody tests in detecting SARS-CoV-2 infection: a meta-analysis

SummaryBackgroundWith the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the associated Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), there is an imperative need for diagnostic tests that can identify the infection. Although Nucleic Acid Test (NAT) is considered to be the gold standard, serological tests based on antibodies could be very helpful. However, individual studies measuring the accuracy of the various tests are usually underpowered and inconsistent, thus, a comparison of different tests is needed.MethodsWe performed a systematic review and meta-analysis following the PRISMA guidelines. We conducted the literature search in PubMed, medRxiv and bioRxiv. For the statistical analysis we used the bivariate method for meta-analysis of diagnostic tests pooling sensitivities and specificities. We evaluated IgM and IgG tests based on Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Chemiluminescence Enzyme Immunoassays (CLIA), Fluorescence Immunoassays (FIA) and the point-of-care (POC) Lateral Flow Immunoassays (LFIA) that are based on immunochromatography.FindingsIn total, we identified 38 eligible studies that include data from 7,848 individuals. The analyses showed that tests using the S antigen are more sensitive than N antigen-based tests. IgG tests perform better compared to IgM ones, and show better sensitivity when the samples were taken longer after the onset of symptoms. Moreover, irrespective of the method, a combined IgG/IgM test seems to be a better choice in terms of sensitivity than measuring either antibody type alone. All methods yielded high specificity with some of them (ELISA and LFIA) reaching levels around 99%. ELISA- and CLIA-based methods performed better in terms of sensitivity (90-94%) followed by LFIA and FIA with sensitivities ranging from 80% to 86%.InterpretationELISA tests could be a safer choice at this stage of the pandemic. POC tests (LFIA), that are more attractive for large seroprevalence studies show high specificity but lower sensitivity and this should be taken into account when designing and performing seroprevalence studies.FundingNone

Kesesuaian Risiko Pencemaran Antara Inspeksi Sanitasi dan Pemeriksaan Bakteriologi pada Air Kolam Renang di DKI Jakarta, 2005

Di Jakarta, setiap hari diperkirakan 8000 orang melakukan aktifitas berenang yang membutuhkan air bersih dalam jumlah yang besar. Air bersih yang digu-nakan berasal dari air tanah dan Perusahaan Air Minum DKI Jakarta. Jumlah orang yang berenang sangat mempengaruhi kualitas air kolam renang yang harus terus dipertahankan agar terhindar dari risiko pencemaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kesesuaian hasil pengukuran risiko pencemaran de-ngan inspeksi sanitasi dan pemeriksaan bakteriologik pada air kolam renang di DKI jakarta tahun 2005 Penelitian yang menggunakan disain studi cross sec-tional mengamati mengamati 30 kolam renang. Variabel yang didiamati adalah 13 variabel inspeksi sanitasi dengan menggunakan adalah univariat dan bi-variat. Hitemukan bahwa 13 (44 %) air kolam renang menunjukkan tingkat risiko pencemaran rendah dan 17 (56%) air kolam renang menunjukkan tingkatrisiko pencemaran tinggi. Sedangkan untuk kualitas bakteriologik diketahui 11 (36,7%) air kolam renang berkualitas baik dan 19 (63,3%) air kolam renangberkualitas buruk. Kesesuaian yang diperoleh adalah 0,733 yang berarti nilai kesesuaian yang baik. Variabel isi air memiliki tingkat risiko pencemaran pa-ling tinggi. Berdasarkan aspek inspeksi sanitasi didapat 8 aspek prediktif dan 5 aspek non–prediktif. Perlu dilakukan pemeriksaan air kolam renang secara berkala serta penyuluhan dan bimbingan pada pengelola kolam renang dan masyarakat tentang kualitas air kolam renang yang baik terhadap kesehatan.Kata Kunci : Kesesuaian, risiko pencemaran, Inspeksi Sanitasi, Kualitas Bakteriologik, Air Kolam Renang, DKI Jakarta.AbstractIt was estimated in Jakarta, more then 8000 people swim everyday, so it requires height volume of clean water that comes from ground water as well as DKI Jakarta Municipal Water Corporation. The quality of the swimming pool water will affect the people health. By conducting surveillance, we are able to know the quality of the water and recommending intervention when needed. The objective of this research is to obtain information about compatibility pollution risk level between measurement results of sanitary inspection and bacteriological assessment of the swimming pool water in Jakarta 2005. The research used a sectional cross design with total sample of 30 swimming pools. Variable used in this research are 13 sanitation inspection variables and analized using bivariate method of analyses. About 17 (56%) of swimming pool water shows the hight risk level of pollolutan . The study also shown that the quality of bacte-riology is bed, (19; 63, 3%) is in bad quality. The total compatibility of the swimming fool water is in a good value 73. Based on sanitation inspection aspect, there are 8 predictive aspects and 5 non predictive aspects. It is important to inspect the swimming pools water periodically, to explain and to guide the swim-ming pools organizers as well as the society about the importance of swimming pools water quality for health.Keywords: Compatibility, Pollution risk level, Sanitary Inspection, Bacteriological assessment, Swimming pool water, DKI Jakarta.

Some Problems with the Investigation of Noninferiority in Meta-analysis

Summary Objectives: Noninferiority trials have become commonplace in recent years. Like individual clinical trials, meta-analyses can also investigate noninferiority. However, certain important topics have to be considered. Methods: The proposed methods in this paper have their origin in the framework of noninferiority trials and meta-analyses. This paper can therefore be seen as a combination of both fields. Two issues are highlighted in the paper; difficulties in the choice of delta for a noninferiority meta-analysis leading to different deltas and methods for meta-analyses with different analysis sets, based on the full-analysis set with the intention-to-treat principle or the per-protocol population. Analytical methods, sensitivity analyses, meta-regression, and a bivariate method are introduced. The proposed graphical presentations support the analytical results. Conclusion: The confidence interval approach using meta-regression or bivariate methods is appropriate using both analysis sets for meta-analyses investigating noninferiority.