Improved fuzzy logic controller for cane juice extraction

In current days Fuzzy logic plays auspicious role to provide so many choices for many applications which are system control. Fuzzy logic having no. of practical methodologies in soft computing. Sugar making industries are one of the applications using fuzzy logic controller. sugarcane juice extraction is an industry which is highly seasonable. If the supply of sugar cane is irregular then that reduces the efficiency of extractor from cane to mass producing sugar. So, it is necessary to improve the efficiency of extractor, which gives juice from cane billets. For that we must keep up the Donnelly height (or) level of cane is closed to 90cm. Where a methodology introduced to improve the three inputs controller with fuzzy is used to keep up the cane volume (or) level of Donnelly channel. For that cane level must and should always at 90cm. To limited that level (or) height of cane in chute (or) channel was developed by using of tool box in fuzzy logic designer, MATLAB software.

Sequential Injection System for Analysis of Degree Brix, Orthophosphate and pH in Raw Sugarcane Juice Applicable to Sugar Industry

This work presents, for the first time, a new sequential injection analysis (SIA) method to simultaneously analyze degree Brix, orthophosphate and pH in raw cane juice. These key parameters relate to price of harvested sugarcane and quality of cane juice for sugar production. The SIA system employed two detectors: the first detector is a diode-array spectrophotometer, equipped with a regular flow cell, for measurements of degree Brix and orthophosphate. Quantitative of degree Brix (°Bx; ca. % (w/w) sucrose) was based on manipulation of the schlieren effect at the interface between plugs of sample and water. Orthophosphate analysis was carried out based on the molybdenum blue method with significant reduction in consumption of the reagents. Compensation of the schlieren effect from sucrose for determination of orthophosphate was achieved by using a dual-wavelength spectrometric detection. Second detector is a pH-sensing device, called ion-selective field-effect transistors (ISFET). The ISFET is based on the current through the ISFET arising according to the H+ concentration in solution. Our developed SIA system provides linear calibration graphs fitting for purpose in analysis of sugarcane juice (pH: 0–14, °Bx: 1.0–7.0 and P2O5: 20–200 mg L−1). Simultaneous analysis of sugarcane juice for pH, °Bx and P2O5 is carried out within 5 min (12 sample per h). Precision of SIA system is acceptable (RSD < 3%). Our SIA system gave quantitative results insignificantly different, as compared with conventional methods for analysis of pH, °Bx and P2O5 in sugarcane juice.

The Potential of Ethanol Production from Sweet Sorghum in Sub-Saharan Africa as Affected by Variety and Sowing Time

Renewable bio-energy is receiving worldwide importance in view of depleting fossil energy. Research works on sorghum as bio-fuel crop in sub-Saharan Africa are meager. The study aimed to investigate the potential of sweet sorghum for ethanol production from stem-juice. The experiment was conducted in Sudan, Khartoum State, during 2016-2017. Forty local and exotic sweet sorghum varieties arranged in RCB Design were investigated under irrigated conditions across three sowing times. Yields of cane, juice, sugar, ethanol and related attributes were studied. Highly significant differences (P=.01) were detected among varieties and interaction with sowing time. Ethanol yield potentials for some varieties were comparable to those reported in India and USA (1162-1416 L ha-1). High brix values (20-22%) and cane yields (45-51 ha-1) were encountered. Juice yield was low (3673-13743 L ha-1) probably due to reduced milling efficiency. The exotic materials performed better than the local ones in theoretical ethanol productivity and related attributes other than cane yield. Eight exotic and five local varieties were recommended for ethanol production. None of the Ankolib materials appeared to have notable potential for ethanol production. Interaction of sowing time with variety has great impact on ethanol yield implying the importance of variety option for different sowing times. It was concluded that the study furnished basic data needed for assessing the economic feasibility of ethanol production from irrigated sweet sorghum in sub-Saharan Africa-Sudan.

Clarification of Sugar Cane Juice (Saccharum Officinarum) Through the Use of National Cocoa Muclago (Theobroma Cacao L)

The investigation was carried out at 980 m.s.n. in the San Ramón compound of the El Corazón Parish, Pangua canton, Cotopaxi province, Ecuador. The variables to be evaluated in the sugar cane juice clarification process were the viscosity (20, 25 and 30 cp) and the concentration of Ragnar variety cocoa shell mucilage (0.75, 1.5, and 2.25%), to determine the spectral color and saturation in the sugarcane juice. 10 liters of juice were used in each experimental unit, taking the clarified syrup samples in amber bottles and refrigerating them until further analysis on the colorimeter was conducted. For the statistical evaluation of the results of the saturation percentage, normality tests were performed according to the Shapiro-Wilk statistic; applying the Friedman and Holm test of multiple comparisons, allowed to identify the combination of a1b2 (25 cp * 2.25%) as the best juice clarification treatment, and, managing to establish the descriptive data, thus: spectral color at 576 nm, saturation 46.91%; standard deviation 2.75; median 46.36%; variance 7.6 and a range of 5.43. Keywords: syrup, spectral, flocculant, cachaza. Resumen La investigación se realizó a 980 msnm en el recinto San Ramón de la Parroquia El Corazón, cantón Pangua, provincia Cotopaxi, Ecuador. Las variables a evaluar en el proceso de clarificación de jugo de caña de azúcar fueron la viscosidad (20, 25 y 30 cp) y la concentración de mucílago de cáscara de cacao variedad Ragnar (0,75%, 1,5% y 2,25%), para determinar el color espectral y de saturación en el jugo de caña de azúcar. En cada unidad experimental se usó 10 litros de jugo, tomando las muestras de jarabe clarificado en botellas tipo ámbar y refrigerándolas hasta posterior análisis en el colorímetro. Para la evaluación estadística de los resultados del porcentaje de saturación, se realizaron pruebas de normalidad según el estadístico de Shapiro-Wilk; aplicando el test de Friedman y Holm de comparaciones múltiples, permitieron identificar como mejor tratamiento de clarificación de jugo a la combinación a1b2 (25 cp * 2,25%), y, logrando establecer los datos descriptivos, así: color espectral en 576 nm, saturación 46,91%; desviación estándar 2,75; mediana 46,36%; varianza 7,6 y un rango de 5,43. Palabras clave: jarabe, espectral, floculante, cachaza.

Motility, Viability, Spermatozoa Abnormality, and pH of Bali Cattle Semen in Another-Yellow Water Driller Stored in a Different Time

This study aims to determine the quality of Bali cattle spermatozoa diluted using sugarcane juice-egg yolk. This research was carried out in the stables and Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Timor in August-September 2020. Semen was collected from an adult male bali cattle, aged ± 4.5 years in healthy condition. The method used in this study is an experimental method using a completely randomized design consisting of 4 treatments and 5 replications. Each treatment was T1: 0.075 ml semen + 0.3 ml of egg yolk sugarcane juice diluent and stored for 24 hours, T2: semen 0.075 ml + 0.3 ml of diluent for egg yolk cane juice and stored for 48 hours, T3: semen 0.075 ml + 0.3 ml of diluent for egg yolk sugarcane juice and stored for 72 hours, T4: semen 0.075 ml + 0 ,3 ml of egg yolk sugarcane juice diluent and stored for 96 hours. The variables measured were individual motility, viability, spermatozoa abnormalities, and semen pH. The results showed that the T4 treatment on a shelf life of 96 hours still showed a good average value with individual spermatozoa motility values of 45%, spermatozoa viability of 77.3%, spermatozoa abnormalities of 12.5% and semen pH 6.6. It can be concluded that the use of cane juice-egg yolk diluent has a positive impact because it is able to maintain the viability of spermatozoa for 96 hours.

RELEVANCE OF ETHYL LACTATE AMONG THE CACHAÇA ESTERS

ABSTRACT The advancement in the technology of cachaça ─ sugarcane spirit produced in the Brazilian territory ─ has led to the search for parameters that allow the improvement of its chemical characterization and sensory specificities. Esters are important aroma agents, but their routine monitoring, as endorsed in Brazilian legislation, is restricted to the quantification of ethyl acetate, which is formed through the metabolism of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). However, being produced in a rural environment using fresh cane juice, fermentation of “cachaça de alembic” involves the presence and activity of lactic acid-producing bacteria, making the presence of ethyl lactate among the cachaça esters predictable. In this work, the levels of ethyl lactate and ethyl acetate were compared in 247 samples, corresponding to 56 brands produced in eleven Brazilian states. Ethyl lactate was found in levels that significantly alter the result of the quantitative participation of esters in the composition of cachaça. This fact is especially relevant considering that lactic acid bacteria are GRAS and widely recognized as a resource for improving the sensory quality of wines and other alcoholic beverages. Thus, studies on the contribution of lactic acid bacteria to the sensory quality of cachaça should be encouraged. Ethyl lactate, in addition to signaling a chemical specificity naturally occurring in cachaça, is a marker of other possible chemical and sensory peculiarities whose research should be stimulated.

Tensile Properties of Bagasse Fiber Composites

Bagasse is a waste generated in abundance from the sugarcane industry. This investigation was planned to convert bagasse waste into a useful composite. For this purpose the bagasse waste was obtained from sugar cane juice producer. In this study, the extraction of bagasse fibers was done manually and they were treated with sodium hydroxide. The treated bagasse fibers had higher tensile properties as compared to untreated ones, so the alkali treated fibers were used as reinforcement for making composites. Hand lay-up technique was used to manufacture bagasse composite samples. The fiber length (1 inch and 2 inch) and fiber weight percentage (10 wt% and 20 wt%) were considered as variables. It was found that better tensile properties were obtained with higher fiber length (2 inch) and weight percentage (20 wt%). Bagasse-cotton fabric composites were also produced using cotton fabric as a base material and the bagasse fibers were sandwiched between a printed and plain cotton fabric. The idea was to consider these composites useful for sun-shades or for decorative purposes. It was also found that bagasse-cotton fabric reinforced composites had higher tensile strength and strain; however the modulus had reduced due to higher elongation of cotton fabrics. With the increase in the weight percentage the tensile properties had reduced this might be because during the composite manufacturing the epoxy resin had to pass through the fabric to wet the bagasse fiber out and they were not wetted out properly. This phenomenon needs further investigation.

Screening and Physico-chemical Study of Quality Jaggery Prepared from Different Early and Mid Season Sugarcane Varieties

Background: Jaggery, a traditional sweetener is produced from the sugarcane juice and its quality mainly depends on cane juice quality. It is specific to check, which sugarcane variety is producing the best jaggery in terms of its quality and recovery. Thus, this study was undertaken to screen five different promising early (CoH 160, Co 89003, Co 0238) and mid season (CoH 119, CoH 167) sugarcane varieties and to prepare and evaluate jaggery qualitatively.Methods: The different sugarcane varieties were harvested at proper maturity, weighed and crushed to extract juice in November, January and March. The juice was analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters viz., total soluble solids (oBrix), purity, pol, juice recovery (%) and commercial cane sugar (%). Good quality jaggery was prepared and evaluated for the sensory characteristics. The jaggery was evaluated quantitatively for physico-chemical parameters (reducing sugars, total sugars, sucrose, net rendement value, hardness and minerals. Result: The jaggery was found to have 8.50-10.70 per cent moisture, 68.82-78.95 per cent sucrose, 7.67-8.83 per cent reducing sugars and 1.45-2.63 per cent ash. The jaggery prepared from Co 89003 had significantly highest sensory scores over jaggery made from all other varieties. Jaggery made from CoH 160 variety was comparable with that of Co89003 variety. The early sugarcane varieties Co 89003 and CoH 160 were found to produce good quality jaggery as compared to mid-late varieties.

A Short Communication on Sweeteners and their Relative Profiles

Jaggery has been used traditionally in all Indian villages. It is a concentrated product of cane juice which has 50% sucrose, up to 20% invert sugars, and also contains insoluble matter, such as wood ash, proteins, and fibres, whereas granulated sugar, refers to sucrose, a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose. Jaggery is better option than sugar in diabetics since it reduces oxidative stress in diabetic patients. Sugar intake on long term causes dysglycemia. Constant raised sugar levels have produces central adiposity, hypertension or some elevation of blood pressure, hyperglycaemic episodes in form of glucose intolerance. Artificial sweeteners on long term usage can be possibly not favourable as they cause weight gain, hypertension. There is no corelation of any tumour production with Aspartame.

OPTIMIZING PRE LIMING PH FOR EFFICIENT JUICE CLARIFICATION PROCESS IN SRI LANKAN SUGAR FACTORIES

- This study was conducted treating with Milk of Lime to reach different pH levels (T1- with Initial pH, T2, T3 and T4 with 6.5, 7.5 and 8.5 of pH respectively) to determine the optimum pre-liming pH which could result in best cane juice clarification in Sri Lankan sugar industries. The experiment design used was RCBD with five replicates. ANOVA followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) were used to identify significant mean differences. Regression analyses were carried out to model the variation of turbidity, mud volume and CaO with change of juice pH. Quadratic model (R2 = 99.2 %, p <0.001) best fitted to explain the effect of pH on turbidity of juice. Effect of pH on deposited mud volume and CaO were explained by cubic models with R2 = 99.4 % (p <0.001) and R2 = 93.9 %, (p <0.001) respectively. Among tested treatments, pH 7.5 is selected as the best for turbidity improvement of the clarified juice while pH 8.5 is the second best. However pH 8.5 (370 ml) was able to deposited significantly high mud volume than pH 7.5 (270 ml). Further, the amount of residual Ca2+ ions in the clarified juice at pH 7.5 (2715 ppm) is clearly lower than the amount of Ca2+ ions remaining in the clarified juice at pH 8.5 (2945 ppm). It is expected to obtain high turbidity and higher mud volume with low sugar inversion at optimum pH. Therefore the results suggest optimum pH range lie around pH 7.5 to 8.5. Conducting similar experiment by using mixed juice extracted from sugar factory mills with pH range around 7.0 to 8.4 at 0.2 increments is suggested to validate the optimum pH.