Statistical analysis of the design procedure used in reinforced concrete pipes

Structural design procedures are based on simplified hypotheses that attempt to approximate the actual behaviour. Depending on the adopted hypothesis, the design procedure may not satisfactorily describe the structural actual behaviour. Such condition occurs in the design of reinforced concrete pipes, where there are uncertainties related especially on the internal forces and the installation type of the pipe. Moreover, the main design hypothesis is that the cross section is plane and perpendicular to the deformed axis. Based on materials resistance principles it is known that this hypothesis is unsatisfactory to pipes with aspect ratio lower than ten. Note that the commercial reinforced concrete pipes usually present aspect ratio well below ten. In the light of the foregoing, the main objective of this paper is to analyse the accuracy of the design procedure for reinforced concrete pipes. Therefore, statistical processes were used to compare design values with experimental results. The comparisons in this paper showed that the design procedure results in oversized pipes.

ARBY SAMAH : MAESTRO SENI PATUNG ABSTRAK DI INDONESIA

AbstrakPenelitian ini membahas tentang penelusuran Arby Samah yang dikenal sebagai pelopor seni patung abstrak di Indonesia, serta mengungkap alasan Arby Samah memilih berkarya patung. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sosok Arby Samah sebagai perintis seni patung abstrak di Indonesia, dan sangat berjasa dalam perkembangan seni patung di Indonesia serta Sumatera Barat khususnya. Kajian teori menggunakan seleksi dan fokus gejala berdasarkan jiwa zaman, menitikberatkan pada perspektif historis mempunyai dua dimensi: aspek masa kini, dan Aspek masa lampau. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif analisis. Adapun teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui teknik observasi lapangan dan wawancara, pengambilan dokumen yang terkait. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Arby Samah berkarya seni patung abstrak dilatarbelakangi oleh faktor: 1) Budaya di Sumatera Barat yang membuat seni patung sulit berkembang. 2) Adat di Sumatera Barat yang mengikat setiap ruang gerak masyarakatnya. 3) Masyarakat di Sumatera Barat mayoritas memeluk Islam yang sangat mengikat dengan hadis dan Al-quran yang melarang membuat patung dalam wujud realis.Kata Kunci: arby samah, patung abstrak, budaya.AbstractThis research discussed about a person namely as Arby Samah that has known as a pioneer of art sculpture in Indonesia, it was also to reveal the reason of Arby Samah why choosing sculpture as his work of art. The aim of the research was too see the figure of Arby Samah as a pioneer of art sculpture in Indonesia, and also his contribution to the growth of art sculpture in indonesia especially in west sumatera province. Theory of the research used the selection and observation of the nature symptom. This research focused to the historic perspective that consist of two dimensions, present aspect and past aspect. The method that used in this research was qualitative with descriptive analysis approach. The technique that used in collecting data were field observation, interview and taking the related documents. The result showed that when in producing abstract art sculpture, Arby Samah was influenced by factors: 1) West Sumatera culture that made art sculpture difficult to growth. 2) the tight tradition or the custom of West sumatera, it limited the people to create art sculpture. 3) Islam is the majority religion of the people in west sumatera were in Al Qur’an and Al Hadist has stated that creating sculpture in realist form was prohibited. Keywords: arby samah, abstract sculpture, culture.

NOVEL APPROACH OF EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF OKRA GUM AS A BINDER FOR TABLET FORMULATION

Objective: The major objective of the present investigation was to extract a natural polymer (okra gum) with its characterization as pharmaceutical binder and to formulate, develop, and evaluate the compression-coated tablet using okra as binder along with synthetic hydrophilic polymers like various grades of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC).Methods: A novel extraction method was carried out using fresh unripe pods of okra (ladies finger) with the aid of organic solvents and its characterization was done. The core tablets were prepared by direct compression method which was compression coated with okra gum and HPMC.Results: After the extraction of the okra gum was carried out, the yield of mucilage obtained was 10%. It is considered as a proof for the purity of the mucilage extract. The above study reveals that the polymers were subjected to the Fourier transform infrared and differential scanning calorimetry thermogram had no significant interactions between the drug and the polymers. The characterization of the new polymer okra showed that it has swelling properties, and in spite of being a hydrophilic polymer, it can be successfully used in pharmaceutical formulation as a good binder.Conclusion: In the present aspect of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of okra gum that has been used as a tablet binder. It is easily available and inexpensive. Okra gum as a binder produces tablet formulations with good physicochemical properties and good candidate for sustained release formulations.

NOVEL APPROACH OF EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF OKRA GUM AS A BINDER FOR TABLET FORMULATION

Objective: The major objective of the present investigation was to extract a natural polymer (okra gum) with its characterization as pharmaceutical binder and to formulate, develop, and evaluate the compression-coated tablet using okra as binder along with synthetic hydrophilic polymers like various grades of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC).Methods: A novel extraction method was carried out using fresh unripe pods of okra (ladies finger) with the aid of organic solvents and its characterization was done. The core tablets were prepared by direct compression method which was compression coated with okra gum and HPMC.Results: After the extraction of the okra gum was carried out, the yield of mucilage obtained was 10%. It is considered as a proof for the purity of the mucilage extract. The above study reveals that the polymers were subjected to the Fourier transform infrared and differential scanning calorimetry thermogram had no significant interactions between the drug and the polymers. The characterization of the new polymer okra showed that it has swelling properties, and in spite of being a hydrophilic polymer, it can be successfully used in pharmaceutical formulation as a good binder.Conclusion: In the present aspect of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of okra gum that has been used as a tablet binder. It is easily available and inexpensive. Okra gum as a binder produces tablet formulations with good physicochemical properties and good candidate for sustained release formulations.

Italian ‘Grammar’ and ‘Grammars’ for Foreign Learners

The contribution presents a reflection on an ever-present aspect of teaching second and foreign languages: the weight of linguistic reflection and of the choice of formal contents in teaching. Over the years, educational linguistics has matured more and more adequate responses to the diversification of the types of learners of Italian as a second/foreign language, that will be summarized in this contribution.

Computer aided quantitative methods in machine safety

The paper present aspect of machine safety in addition to current legal regulations and international standards and computer aided method of risk analysis. Based on literate and international standards paper author presents most common factors and method of safety estimation. Next, based on author industry experience, computer aided risk analysis has been present. To proceed conformity assessment author used SISTEMA software developed by German institute IFA [10]. The example shown shows simplify calculation method of risk analysis and decrees level of mistake during to designee of machine safety component. Another advantages of computer aided method is simplify to scale it to the more complex system.

Irish English Habitual Do Be Revisited

This article examines the category of present habitual in Irish English, Irish and Scots Gaelic. The latter two are frequently claimed to have had an influence on the development of the tense and aspect systems of their respective contact varieties of English. It is argued that Scots Gaelic, in contrast to Irish Gaelic, has no separately marked habitual present system, and therefore there may have been less pressure to introduce distinct habitual-present aspect into Scottish English, an assessment which is in line with research in contact linguistics.