Give me a second chance

Collaborative writing (CW) and task repetition have been claimed to aid language acquisition. Students produce better texts when writing with a peer and their drafts improve if they write the same composition twice (same task repetition, STR). However, little is known about young learners, about the effects of combining both constructs and, finally, about a more common type of repetition in language lessons: repeating the same procedure with different content (procedural task repetition, PTR). This study analyses the effects of CW (vs. individual writing) and of PTR (vs. STR). To do so, the writings of 59 Spanish young learners (aged 11) of English divided into four groups were analysed. Two of these groups (N = 9, N = 10) wrote a composition individually while two (N = 20, N = 20) wrote a composition in pairs. A week later, one individual (N = 9) and one collaborative group (N = 20) wrote the same composition again (STR) while the other individual (N = 10) and collaborative (N = 20) groups wrote a new composition following the same procedure (PTR). Unlike findings from adult learners, our students’ drafts show no differences that could be attributed to the collaboration. However, some improvements upon repetition were hinted at, with students in the STR group obtaining greater holistic rates.

031 The reduced benefit of sleep for memory trace consolidation with age

Introduction Sleep is known to enhance the realization of novel solutions to problems. As we age, both the quantity and quality of sleep are reduced. Age-related deficits in sleep-dependent memory consolidation have been recently identified, however, the scope of these deficits is not. Here, we sought to investigate the behavioural and neuronal functional consequences of age-related changes in sleep for gaining insight into novel cognitive strategies (e.g., on the Tower of Hanoi; ToH). Methods 40 healthy young adults (20–25 years), and 30 healthy older adults (60–85 years) participated, and were assigned to either the nap [young-nap (YN), older-nap (ON)] or wake [young-no-nap (YNN), older-no-nap (ONN)] conditions. Participants were trained on the ToH in the AM, followed by either a 90 minute nap opportunity or a period of wake, and were retested afterward. The ToH is a procedural task that requires the acquisition of a novel cognitive strategy (i.e., recursive logic). Alternating blocks of ToH practice and rest were performed while functional MRI scans were obtained at 3T to examine differences (pFDR<0.05) in brain activation from training to retest in young vs. older groups as a function of sleep [(YN-YNN)-(ON-ONN)]. Results Sleep significantly benefitted the young but not the older participants (speed and accuracy) on the ToH. A bilateral difference in activation of the hippocampus was observed from training to retest between young and older subjects. Specifically, YN displayed decreased activation, whereas YNN showed increased activation. The older groups showed the opposite pattern whereby ON displayed increased activation whereas ONN showed decreased activation. The same pattern was observed for the middle temporal gyrus and medial prefrontal cortex. By contrast, the opposite pattern was observed in the premotor area, inferior and superior parietal cortex. Conclusion These results suggest that sleep differentially contributes to the realization of a novel cognitive strategy in young vs. older individuals, consistent with the notion that as the consolidation of a newly formed memory trace progresses, the hippocampus becomes less involved over time; especially so when sleep occurs during that time. Our results suggest that sleep preferentially contributes to this process in the young, but not in older individuals. Support (if any):

Time Course of Sleep Inertia Dissipation in Memory Tasks

Sleep inertia (SI) refers to a complex psychophysiological phenomenon, observed after awakening, that can be described as the gradual recovery of waking-like status. The time course of cognitive performance dissipation in an everyday life condition is still unclear, especially in terms of the sleep stage at awakening (REM or NREM-stage 2) and the relative effects on performance. The present study aimed to investigate the SI dissipation in different memory performances upon spontaneous morning awakening after uninterrupted nighttime sleep. Eighteen young adults (7 females; mean age 24.9 ± 3.14 years) spent seven non-consecutive nights (one baseline, three REM awakenings and three St2 awakenings) in the laboratory under standard polysomnographic (PSG) control. Participants were tested after three REM awakenings and three St2 awakenings, and three times at 11:00 a.m. as a control condition. In each testing session, participants filled in the Global Vigor and Affect Scale and carried out one memory task (episodic, semantic, or procedural task). For each condition, participants were tested every 10 min within a time window of 80 min. In accordance with previous studies, SI affected subjective alertness throughout the entire time window assessed. Moreover, SI significantly affected performance speed but not accuracy in the semantic task. With reference to this task, the SI effect dissipated within 30 min of awakening from REM, and within 20 min of awakening from St2. No significant SI effect was observed on episodic or procedural memory tasks.

Developing a Novel Operator Performance Measure for Procedural Tasks Based on Safety-II Perspective

This paper proposes a novel framework to evaluate procedural task performance from a Safety-II perspective. While deviations from procedural steps have been a major focus of Safety-I approach, the novel framework aims to capture human operators’ adaptive behaviors and efforts in accomplishing higher-level goals. By adopting abstraction hierarchy, four levels of goal hierarchy embedded in a procedure are modeled: system, operation, task, and step. The current framework focuses on the relationship between task-level goals and step-level goals, given that a primary use of procedures occurs at a task level. Based on the framework, four types of procedural task performance are proposed: Type-I positive and negative outcomes, and Type-II positive and negative outcomes. Using the four types of outcome performance, novel quantitative measures to evaluate operators’ adaptive and maladaptive procedural performance are suggested. Challenges and work in progress associated with the proposed measurement are also presented.

Crimination and Solution of Criminal Matters in the Criminal Proceedings of Bosnia and Herzegovina - a Division Between Normative and Actual

In this paper, the central part presents the solution of the criminal-procedural task, that is, the clarification and solution of a specific criminal matter in criminal proceedings of Bosnia and Herzegovina by criminal-law entities, with special attention to restrictive legal conditions of a criminal-procedural nature, as well as certain problems and dilemmas of a practical nature. The extremely dynamic development of modern criminal procedural law in the last two decades is also characterized by the adoption of new criminal procedural solutions with a pronounced tendency of humanization, which directly relates to the catalog of the rights of the suspect or accused person. In order to understand the nature of the criminal proceedings, the conceptual determination and differentiation of the criminal matter as the main subject of the criminal proceedings was made to the criminal matter in an unfair and fair sense, with reference to the practical aspect of the efficient conduct of the criminal proceedings and the illumination and settlement of the criminal matter, respecting the standards of proof. Given the nature of the criminal proceedings, in addition to the criminal matter as the main case, other secondary or ancillary issues are included which do not constitute a criminal offense but relate to the criminal matter (property claim, so-called prejudicial or preliminary issues and costs of the proceedings).

A-183 A Preliminary Study of Comfort with Computers and Analog Tasks in Relation to Older Adults’ Performance in Virtual Reality

Objective Neuropsychologists are using virtual reality to simulate everyday activities in order to increase ecological validity in neuropsychological assessments (Kane & Parsons, 2017). However, relatively little is known about the extent to which comfort with computers and analog tasks influences older adults’ performance on virtual reality-based tasks. Methods Healthy older adults (N = 42) rated how comfortable they are with computers and cooking meals in daily life and completed the Virtual Kitchen Protocol, a measure of procedural learning and memory for meal preparation tasks. Results Both higher comfort with cooking meals in a real kitchen and higher comfort with computers were associated with better learning, immediate recall, and delayed recall of the procedural task in virtual reality. However, comfort with computers did not explain a significant amount of variance in performance beyond comfort cooking in a real kitchen. Conclusion While both comfort with computers and analog versions of tasks may relate to older adults’ learning and memory in virtual reality, performance may be primarily related to analog abilities.

Specific changes in sleep oscillations after blocking human metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in the absence of altered memory function

Sleep consolidates declarative memory by the repeated replay of neuronal traces encoded during prior wakefulness. This replay during sleep is linked to the cardinal oscillations of NonREM sleep. Although this replay is ideally suited to support plasticity, there is so far little evidence of classical glutamatergic plasticity playing a role in this process. To the contrary, we have previously reported that blocking NMDA or AMPA receptors does not affect sleep-dependent consolidation of declarative memory. Here, in two placebo-controlled within-subject cross-over experiments with 20 healthy humans each, we used fenobam to block metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) during sleep. In Experiment I, participants learned word-pairs (declarative task) and a finger sequence (procedural task) during the evening before being administered the treatment and then sleeping for 8 hours – recall was tested in the next morning. To cover possible effects on synaptic renormalization processes during sleep, in Experiment II, participants learned new word-pairs in the morning after sleep. Surprisingly, fenobam neither reduced retention of memory across sleep nor new learning after sleep, although it severely altered sleep architecture and memory-relevant EEG oscillations. In NonREM sleep, fenobam suppressed 12-15 Hz spindles but augmented 2-4 Hz delta waves, whereas in REM sleep it suppressed 4-8 Hz theta and 16-22 Hz beta waves. Notably, under Fenobam NonREM spindles became more consistently phase-coupled to the slow oscillation. Our findings indicates that mGluR5-related plasticity is not essential for memory processing during sleep, even though mGlurR5 are strongly implicated in the regulation of the cardinal sleep oscillations.

Classification of tactical methods of interview

The article describes the concept of interrogation as an important procedural and often practiced investigative action, which is a form of obtaining evidentiary information, a procedural means of generating and verifying evidence. As a result of the interrogation, a considerable part of the information about the event of the crime is obtained and verified, the motives and purpose of the crime, as well as the conditions under which it occurred and which contributed to its commission, are established. Classifications of tactical methods of interrogation are analyzed. The purpose of the article is to research and substantiate the classification of tactical techniques of interrogation. In order to conduct the interrogation effectively, the investigator must be well versed in the psychology of the interviewee, be able to establish correct relationships with them, vary methods of psychological influence or tactical techniques depending on the particular investigative situation, the personality of the interviewee, the evidence available, and so on. By the quality of the information received, the interrogation is divided into the interrogation of the person giving the knowingly false testimony and the interrogation of the person reporting the true information. A person's testimony may be classified as true, false, or false if the interviewee, for various reasons, admits different inaccuracies, distortions, and the like. Depending on the complexity of the investigative situation, the interrogation in the conflict situation differs and the interrogation in the conflict situation. The general procedural task of the interrogation is to obtain from each interviewee all known to him reliable information about the facts and circumstances in which the incident occurred, and about the persons involved in it.