Development of student simulated patient training and evaluation indicators in a high-fidelity nursing simulation: a Delphi consensus study†

Objective This study is aimed to develop student simulated patient (SSP) training content and evaluation indicators, and further explores their validity and reliabilities. Methods Delphi consultations with 20 nursing experts were conducted. The weights of indicators were calculated through the analytic hierarchy process. SSP training was conducted with a high-fidelity nursing simulation. Results The expert positive coefficients were 0.952 in the first round consultation and 1.00 in the second round consultation. The expert authority coefficient was reported as 0.87. The training included role and responsibility of simulated patient (SP), script interpretation, plot performance, and training for a rater, with a total of 17 indicators. SSP evaluation consisted of disease knowledge, role portrayal, and performance fidelity and since being a rater, it consists of 20 indicators in total. The coordination coefficients of two rounds of consultation ranged from 0.530 to 0.918. The content validity of SSP evaluation indicators was 0.95. The inter-rater reliability was reported as 0.866, and the internal consistency established using Cronbach’s α was 0.727. Conclusions Students as SPs should have first-hand knowledge and experience within the simulated scenarios. SSP training content and evaluation indicators were determined through the Delphi consensus combined with analytic hierarchy process. The evaluation indicators were valid and reliable, and provided the objective and quantifiable measurements for SSP training in nursing.

Physiotherapy students can be educated to portray realistic patient roles in simulation: a pragmatic observational study

Background Simulation-based education (SBE) has many benefits for learners, but costs can limit embedding SBE in health professional curricula. Peer simulation involves students portraying patient roles, and may reduce costs while still providing the benefits of other SBE experiences. However, the quality of the SBE may be impacted if students cannot portray authentic and realistic patient roles. The aim of this study was to investigate whether targeted education was associated with observable changes to physiotherapy students’ abilities to portray patient roles in SBE. Methods Second year pre-registration physiotherapy students (n = 40) participated. Students completed online and face-to-face education about SBE, patient portrayal skills, and how to portray a specific patient role. Students were video-recorded portraying patient roles in practical exams before and after the program. Three blinded independent assessors rated the overall quality of portrayals using a purpose-developed assessment instrument. Results Twenty-three sets of pre- and post-program videos were analysed. Correlations between assessor scores spanned 0.62 to 0.82 for analyses of interest, which justified using average assessor ratings in analysis. Statistically significant higher scores were seen for post-program assessments for overall portrayal scores (mean difference 6.5, 95%CI [1.51–11.45], p = 0.013), accuracy (mean difference 3.4, 95%CI [0.69–6.13], p = 0.016) and quality (mean difference 3.1, 95%CI [0.64–5.49], p = 0.016). Conclusions Physiotherapy students appear capable of playing realistic patient roles. Peer simulation can be embedded into health professional programs, and education in patient role portrayal appears to be associated with improvements in portrayal quality and realism. Given these findings, further investigation, including testing program effects in a randomised study, is warranted.

Changing Gender Role Portrayal in Media: Survey-Based Study

Gender role development is very important among children during the phase of their personality development. This results in the formation of gender identity, which later on determines the type of gender role exhibited by the child in later life. Home is the main platform from where the key features of personality for a child is shaped up. Similarly, variable gender roles are also being taught by the family members. The growing media and its impact also play significant role in this regard. The current research made an account of how the gender role portrayal is changing in media and its respective impact on gender role shift in the society. This objective was achieved by conducting a survey on the content portrayed in a Pakistani movie “Ek Thi Marium” (2016). Findings suggest that the media today is displaying a changed gender role instead of gender stereotypical portrayal. It could help future researches to identify the modern trends and to study the effect of these variations among individuals of different age groups.

‘It’s the ultimate observer role…you’re feeling and seeing what’s happening to you’: students’ experiences of peer simulation

IntroductionSimulation-based education (SBE) benefits learners, but multiple barriers limit curriculum integration. Peer simulation, where students are formally educated to portray patient roles in simulated interactions with their peers, might maintain the educational benefits of SBE, be cost-effective, and enable additional learning. Our research question was: ‘What are the perspectives and experiences of physiotherapy students who participated in peer simulation?’.MethodsSecond-year physiotherapy students (n=16) participated in a blended peer simulation programme that included preparation for patient role portrayal and simulated clinical interactions with peers. Using an interpretivist approach, students’ experiences and perspectives were explored in two focus groups. Inductive thematic analysis was completed by two researchers.ResultsThree primary themes were identified that characterised the experiences and perspectives of physiotherapy students: peer simulation is a valuable learning experience, specific design features enable effective peer simulation, and portraying a patient provides unique insight. Peer simulation was unexpectedly realistic, revealed knowledge and skill deficits, and improved their clinical skills. Specific design features included consistent engagement, repetitive, individualised practice, multiple forms of feedback, and detailed role preparation. Being the patient in peer simulation gave students unique and valuable insight into patients’ experiences of and feelings about health issues and healthcare interactions.ConclusionPhysiotherapy students acquire new insights during peer simulation that may enrich their capabilities for practice through understanding healthcare interactions from patients’ perspectives. Physiotherapy students’ learning in peer simulation appears to align with the powerful learning experiences of health professional students in other immersive simulation modalities.

Discourse Analysis on Nationalism Debate Reported in Indian Print Media during Feb-Mar 2016

In the age of progressing information technology, media reporting has evolved in the selection, role portrayal, articulation of the news on the basis of presentation and comprehensibility. Both print and broadcast media have reformulated news reporting pattern considering the current global market, advertising and latent political agendas. Use of particular discourse not just influences mindset; its rhetorical presentation modulates perception on an explicit level. News as a discursive tool transforms the reader’s perception on the topic. In the initial phase of 2016, Indian media extensively reported an incident at Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) New Delhi and its effect on the pro- and anti- national sentiments. The reporting was in the context of slogan shouting by a group of students, which was perceived to be anti-national. With due course of time, debates restructured the news into a nation-wide sensation involving various facets, such as, importance of nationalism and patriotism, credibility of the university education, involvement of students from different ideological and identity background (Dalit, Kashmiri Muslim, etc.). In this paper, broad categorisation is being made, namely as, JNU (the university, administration, faculty and its culture), the students (JNUSU president, ASFI members and AVBP members), the state (Judiciary, the ruling party and the opposition parties) and the others (media, celebrities, lawyers and citizens). The present study discusses the impact of news as discourse on the ideological position and activities of news characters (actors) as well as its contextual salience in the national politics.