ИСТОРИЯ СТАНОВЛЕНИЯ КОНЦЕПЦИИ ORGANIC 3.0 И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ЕЕ ДАЛЬНЕЙШЕГО РАЗВИТИЯ

В работе приведен ретроспективный анализ развития концепции Organic и охарактеризованы ее основные этапы. Определено, что концепция Organic 1.0 была заложена пионерами органического и биодинамического движения и базировалась на использовании научно обоснованной системы органического сельского хозяйства. Подчеркнуто, что со становлением концепции Organic 2.0 разработаны первые органические стандарты, которые сформировали прочную основу для дальнейшего стремительного развития устойчивого органического сельского хозяйства. Проанализированы основные подходы концепции Organic 3.0, внедрение которых является непременным условием перехода на новый уровень развития сельского хозяйства и достижения ее устойчивости.

Tensions in future development of organic production—views of stakeholders on Organic 3.0

This study analysed Swedish stakeholders’ views on future developments of organic production and consumption based on Organic 3.0, a strategic initiative by the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM). Focus group discussions were carried out with actors representing different parts of the organic value chain in Sweden. These identified a number of tensions, four of which represented an unresolved dichotomy in the way forward for the organic movement and its relevance for organic production in most settings. The first tension was between the drive for increased efficiency to achieve higher yields and an agroecological approach with broader sustainability values. The second concerned availability of plant nutrients in organic agriculture including safe recirculating of nutrients from society. The third tension set new technology against the precautionary principle and the notion of naturalness. The fourth concerned the role of organic as an innovation system; whether organic should be a forerunner, i.e. performing well above average and fostering innovation, or whether organic should be a broader movement including more farmers but then requiring more regulations that may hinder innovation. These tensions will result in important choices on direction for the organic sector as it pursues the Organic 3.0 goal of sustainably feeding a growing population based on farming systems based on organic principles.

Countermovement in Organic Agriculture

Organic agriculture is an ideology built on general principles that have evolved over time. In Canada, the organic practices are regulated through the Organic Product Regulations, 2009, that enforce the Canadian Organic Standards (2015) on products under Federal jurisdiction. Contrary to what the policies suggest, organic producers are not a homogenous group and therefore, the conception of what is organic and what should be the regulations, if there should be any, differs. The conventionalization debate within the movement, as well as the concept of Organic 3.0, address important questions regarding sustainability, minimum requirements, recognized agricultural techniques, the certification process and social responsibility. Academic and grey literature suggests that those questions arise because of a gap between the organic principles and the minimum requirements of organic policies. To identify this hypothetical gap within the Canadian context, I will be using Polanyi’s concept, the countermovement.