Conservative Management of Uterine Adenomyosis: Medical vs. Surgical Approach

Uterine adenomyosis is a commonly encountered estrogen-dependent disease in reproductive-age women, causing heavy menstrual bleeding, intense pelvic pain, and infertility. Although adenomyosis was previously considered a disease of multiparous women, it is becoming increasingly evident that it also affects younger nulliparous women and may compromise their fertility potential. It is clear that hysterectomy, the standard approach to definitively manage the disease, is not an option for patients wishing to preserve their fertility, so there is an urgent need to develop novel conservative strategies. We searched the current literature for available methods for conservative management of adenomyosis, including both pharmacological and surgical approaches. There is no existing drug that can cure adenomyosis at present, but some off-label treatment options may be used to tackle disease symptoms and improve fertility outcomes. Adenomyosis in patients wishing to conceive can be ‘treated’ by conservative surgery, though these procedures require highly experienced surgeons and pose a considerable risk of uterine rupture during subsequent pregnancies. While currently available options for conservative management of adenomyosis do have some capacity for alleviating symptoms and enhancing patient fertility perspectives, more effective new options are needed, with gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists showing encouraging results in preliminary studies.

The cardiovascular effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists in men with prostate cancer

Aims The aim of this study was to determine whether gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists (an emerging class of drugs to suppress testosterone synthesis in the treatment of prostate cancer) cause less adverse cardiovascular events than the more commonly use GnRH agonists. Methods and results We conducted a systematic review to identify all randomized, controlled trials in which a GnRH antagonist was compared with a GnRH agonist in men with prostate cancer. We identified 10 eligible studies including two different GnRH antagonists, degarelix (n = 1681) and relugolix (n = 734), which were compared with the GnRH agonists, leuprolide (n = 714) and goserelin (n = 600). The pooled risk ratios (95% confidence intervals) among GnRH antagonist recipients for adverse cardiovascular events, cardiovascular death, and all-cause mortality were 0.57 (0.39–0.81); 0.49 (0.25–0.96); and 0.48 (0.28–0.83), respectively. Important limitations of the included trials were their short duration of follow-up, unblinded study design and (in most of the studies) the identification of adverse cardiovascular events through safety reporting mechanisms rather than as a pre-specified outcome. There was no evidence of heterogeneity of findings among the studies. Conclusions There is consistent but methodologically limited data to suggest that GnRH antagonists—a relatively new class of androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer—cause significantly less cardiovascular adverse effects than the more frequently used GnRH agonists.

The skeletal effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists: a concise review

: Prolonged treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists is known to induce bone loss among prostate cancer patients. However, evidence on the skeletal effects of GnRH antagonists is relatively less well-known. This review aims to examine the effects of GnRH antagonists on bone health. GnRH antagonists are an effective treatment for hormone-dependent conditions, such as advanced prostate cancer and endometriosis. They induce a competitive and reversible GnRH-receptor blockage, thereby suppressing the release of gonadotropins and sex hormones. The sex hormone ablation results in undesirable side effects, including accelerated bone loss. In animal studies, treatment with GnRH antagonists is reported to cause deterioration of bone microstructure. Human clinical trials revealed significant bone loss at the spine, hip and femur in patients treated with GnRH antagonists. Thus, osteoporosis and the resultant fragility fractures pose a significant impact on health and quality of life of GnRH antagonist users. Thus, early preventive measures of bone loss are critical in preventing fractures and its associated morbidity in these patients.

Fertility Technology Research and the Use of Human Beings as Property

In January 2020, an article in the Journal of Human Reproduction exploring whether human embryos could be obtained via uterine lavage and to compare their quality to embryos created via in vitro fertilization. Any embryo that was not removed via lavage was either prevented from implanting by giving the women injections of gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonists or aborted with either methotrexate or uterine curettage. This research was done using women in Mexico, who were paid the equivalent of over two months’ wages and who signed away their rights to their embryos, including agreeing to have an abortion if implantation did occur. Not only is this another instance of human beings being treated as property but is against the dignity of these women by turning them into, as one ethicist says, “human petri dishes.” Summary: Researchers continue to use people as objects to obtain their goals. In this case, it was poor women in Mexico and their embryos. The Editors of Journal of Human Reproduction enabled this by publishing the report.

Management of osteoporosis in women with breast cancer

The screening, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis are similar in women with or without breast cancer. Breast cancer treatments, such as aromatase inhibitors, chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure and gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists all decrease estrogen levels, which in turn causes net bone resorption and bone loss. Bone loss over time will be of sufficient magnitude to cause some women to experience fractures. Thus, osteoporosis is an equation; the peak bone mass achieved by age 30 years minus the age-related and menopausal bone loss. Women should have their bone density measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry scans every 2 years. As clinically indicated, women should receive anti-osteoporosis drugs such as zoledronic acid, denosumab or oral bisphosphonates.