The Characteristics of the Aviation Industry

One major effect of the covid pandemic was, that it has not been easy to travel in the last two years. Many airlines have had to report losses. Despite massive state aid, they have had to reduce their fleet and personnel as well. There were also fewer new airplanes ordered. In our article, we would like to give a brief overview of the aviation industry, which is one of the most technology intensive sectors. These factors make this branch a global oligopoly, as there are few companies producing civilian and/or military aircraft on the market. The race for the conquest of space is huge. American spacecraft landed on Mars, Chinese spacecraft collected rock samples on the Moon. Airbus SE and the Boeing Company, these two largest aircraft manufacturers have joined the aerospace industry too, building bigger and bigger part on the research, developing new technologies.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE STATE AND AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURER ON LION AIR JT610 AND ETHIOPIAN AIRLINES ET302 ACCIDENTS UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW

Lion Air JT610 and Ethiopian Airlines ET302 crashes occurred on October 2018 and March 2019 respectively. The main cause of the accident on both flights, which used Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft, is the defect on the Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS), a new anti-stall system of this aircraft model. Boeing 737 MAX 8 is produced by Boeing Company which resides in the United States. However, passengers on both accidents could not claim compensation from Boeing Company because there is no international law that regulates aircraft manufacturer responsibilities. This research tries to analyze whether passengers can request for compensation to the United States and whether national court rulings or judgments can fill the gap in international law regarding aircraftmanufacturer. The research uses the normative juridical approach with analytical descriptive method. The research uses the library research method, focusing mainly on primary, secondary, and tertiary legal resources. This research found that the current international law could not accommodate the interests of plaintiffs to hold the United States accountable. The usage of forum non conveniens principle at the national courts made it difficult for the plaintiffs to obtain the compensation they are entitled to. Subsequently, the national law applied in each case is different which created a distinction on the compensation received by each plaintiff for the loss they suffered. Author comes into the conclusion that there is a need for the establishment of regulations in international law concerning the responsibilities of aircraft manufacturer. Keywords: Aircraft Manufacturer, Forum Non Conveniens, State Responsibility Abstrak Kecelakaan pesawat terbang Lion Air JT610 dan Ethiopian Airlines ET302 terjadi pada bulan Oktober 2018 dan Maret 2019 secara berturut-turut. Penyebab utama kecelakaan kedua penerbangan yang menggunakan pesawat terbang Boeing 737 MAX 8 ialah kerusakan sistem Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS), sebuah sistem anti-stall terbaru untuk model pesawat terbang ini. Boeing 737 MAX 8 diproduksi oleh Boeing Company yang berkedudukan di Amerika Serikat. Penumpang pada kedua kecelakaan tidak dapat meminta ganti rugi pada Boeing Company karena belum adanya hukum yang dapat mewadahi penggantian rugi serta tanggung jawab manufaktur pesawat terbang dalam hukum internasional. Penelitian ini akan menganalisis apakah penumpang dapat memintakan ganti rugi kepada Amerika Serikat sebagai negara dan apakah putusan pengadilan nasional dapat mengisi kekosongan hukum internasional terkait manufaktur pesawat terbang. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode pendekatan yuridis normatif dengan spesifikasi penulisan deskriptif analitis. Tahap penulisan dalam penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan metode studi kepustakaan bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa hukum internasional yang ada saat ini pun belum dapat mewadahi kepentingan penumpang sebagai penggugat untuk dapat meminta pertanggungjawaban kepada Amerika Serikat atas kesalahan manufaktur pesawat terbang. Selain itu, munculnya prinsip forum non conveniens pada level nasional mempersulit penggugat untuk mendapatkan ganti rugi pada pengadilan nasional. Hukum nasional yang diterapkan pada tiap kasus pun berbeda sehingga muncul kesenjangan mengenai ganti rugi yang diperoleh penggugat atas kerugian yang diderita. Melihat situasi ini, peneliti berkesimpulan perlunya pembentukan pengaturan dalam hukum internasional mengenai tanggung jawab manufaktur pesawat terbang. Kata Kunci: Forum Non Conveniens, Manufaktur Pesawat Terbang, Tanggung Jawab Negara

The impacts of lean principles on the production of civil aircraft in Boeing

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review how lean through the Boeing Production System impacted the production of civil aircraft in Boeing. Design/methodology/approach The paper engages the usage of literature on lean from researchers, book authors and the Boeing Company. These literatures were studied to ascertain why Boeing pursued the lean journey and the transformations it attained. Findings The outcomes disclose lean offers Boeing an all-inclusive approach in managing the value-stream of a company. It further presents a sustainable business model that prioritizes customer and industry demands, births innovative ways of satisfying them and keeps Boeing in business. Originality/value This research is useful to upcoming aircraft manufacturers who seek to optimize their production as well as satisfy their customers.

Research on the Over-outsourcing in Aviation Manufacturing Industry— Case Analysis based on the Boeing 787

In recent years, outsourcing has become a major trend with more and more companies contracting work out to 3rd parties. The aircraft giant—Boeing company，also regards outsourcing as an important way of its production process. In 2003, under the influence of Toyota production system(TPS),Boeing adopted a new manufacturing model to produce the airplane—Boeing 787 Dreamliner. It outsourced more than 70% of the development and production of its aircraft under a 3-Tier system .However, the excess outsourcing has caused lots of problems such as communication issues, lengthy delays and unexpected increased costs. Starting from the practice of Boeing 787 project's global supply chain strategy, this paper analyzes the reasons as well as problems faced by Boeing for outsourcing such a big project, and draw some lessons on how to strengthen the management from the failure of Boeing 787’s early outsourcing stage.

TANGGUNG JAWAB KORPORASI BOEING COMPANY ATAS KECELAKAAN PESAWAT DI WILAYAH INDONESIA

Transportasi udara mempermudah masyarakat untuk menjalankan kegiatannya dalam hal penggunaan atau pengiriman barang. Segala kemudahan tersebut memunculkan beberapa masalah, termasuk kelalaian dalam maintenance pesawat ataupun kelalaian manusia lainnya sehingga menimbulkan kecelakaan pesawat. Oleh karena itu pengkajian terhadap pertanggungjawaban korporasi produsen pesawat dalam hal ini adalah Boeing.Company sangat diperlukan terhadap kecelakaan pesawat yang terjadi di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan perundang-undangan. Sumber bahan hukum meliputi bahan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan prosedur inventarisasi, klasifikasi serta identifikasi dan sistematisasi. Analisis data dilakukan dengan cara dibahas, diperiksa, dan dikelompokkan. Masalah dalam penelitian ini meliputi (1) proses penentuan ganti rugi/santunan terhadap korban berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 77 Tahun 2011 (2) pertanggungjawaban korporasi produsen pesawat (Boeing.Co) menurut Undang-undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2009 tentang Penerbangan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dan investigasi yang dilakukan diketahui bahwa ada kesalahan konstruksi pesawat dan kesalahan pilot dalam menangani accident kecelakaan. Pihak jasa pengangkut maskapai Lion Air mempunyai kewajiban untuk membayar kompensasi kepada masing-masing keluarga korban sesuai dengan Peraturan Menteri Perhubungan Nomor 77 Tahun 2011. Adapun pihak keluarga korban melayangkan gugatan kepada Boeing Company yang diselesaikan secara mediasi. Atas kejadian ini ke depannya maskapai sebagai pengguna barang yang membeli pesawat dari produsen (Boeing Co atau Airbus) harus selalu memperhatikan prosedur dan penggunaan barang atau pesawat yang dibeli, serta penumpang dan masyarakat pada umum agar selalu memperhatikan prosedur-prosedur keselamatan dalam penerbangan sehingga dapat meminimalisir terjadinya risiko kecelakaan.