THE NOTIONS «MECHANISM» AND «ORGANISM» IN THE SOCIAL ONTOLOGY OF S.L. FRANK

Статья посвящена анализу понятий «механизм» и «организм» в социальной философии С.Л. Франка. Социально-философская концепция Франка помещается в широкий контекст философии XIX-начала XX вв. В статье исследуются связи социальной философии Франка и органических теорий государства и общества. Автор статьи приводит обзор органических теорий: демонстрируется их генезис в немецком классическом идеализме и анализируются подходы, наиболее распространенные в XIX в. В статье обосновывается, что органические теории государства исторически связаны с телеологией И. Канта. Именно в философии Канта впервые появляется важное для философии XIX в. противопоставление организма и механизма. В статье указывается, что специфика этого подхода заключается не столько в естественнонаучной аналогии, сколько в интерпретации отношений части и целого. Автор показывает, что оппозиция механизма и организма сыграла важную роль в истории органических представлений об обществе. Русская социально-философская и политологическая мысль рассматривается в контексте общего развития социальных наук XIX в. Русские философы и обществоведы позаимствовали из западной философии идею оппозиции социального механизма и органицизма. На этой основе в России были выработаны аналогичные философско-правовые концепции, которые также можно отнести к традиции органицизма. Автор относит социально-философскую концепцию С.Л. Франка также к указанной традиции социального органицизма. В статье приводится реконструкция социальной философии Франка и отмечается, что его подход близок к идеям, получившим развитие в немецком классической идеализме. Указывается, что Франк критиковал не органическую теорию как таковую, а распространенную в его время натуралистическую концепцию, отождествлявшую общество с организмом. В этой связи автор показывает вклад Франка в историю органических представлений об обществе. The article is devoted to the analysis of the notions «mechanism» and «organism» in S.L. Frank’s social philosophy. The sociophilosophical conception of S.L. Frank is considered in the context of the philosophy of the XIXth - beginning of the XXth centuries. The article deals with the relations of S.L. Frank’s philosophy to the organic theories of society. The author gives an overview of the organic theories: their genesis in the German idealism and analysis of the widespread approaches in the XIXth century philosophy. The article shows that the organic theories were historically connected with the teleology of I. Kant. I. Kant was the first to propose the very opposition of organism and mechanism. The author points out that the speceficity of this approach consists rather in the interpretation of the relations between the part and the whole, than in the scientific analogy. The author shows that this opposition played a significant role in the organic theory of society. Russian social philosophy and political science are considered in the general context of the social sciences of the XIXth century. Russian philosophers and social sciences borrowed the idea of mechanism and organism from the western philosophy. Based on this approach they developed their own conceptions which can also be referred to the organic tradition. The author refers S.L. Frank’s social philosophy to the tradition of social organism. The article reconstructs the Frank’s social philosophy and points out that his approach is derived from the German classical idealism. It is shown that Frank did not criticized the very organic theory, his criticism was directed against naturalistic theories of his time. The author of the article shows the Frank’s contribution to the organic theory of society.

The Winning Formula. Convenții și stereotipuri ale romanului haiducesc în Mina haiduceasa. Fata codrilor de George Baronzi

The article aims to identify some of the peculiarities of the XIXth century outlaw novel in relation to the conventions and the stereotypes of the adventure novel, focusing on George Baronzi’s novel, Mina the Outlaw. The Girl of the Forests, an agreeable novel in spite of several narrative clumsiness. The novelty comes from the fact that the novel proposes a female character in the role of the hero, somehow accumulating the conventions and some narrative invariants specific to the outlaw novel, but also to the sentimental novel, the plot having as a starting point a love story. The novel is, therefore, chracterized by a certain naivity specific to the subgenre and to the literary period to which it belongs, but the author cannot be blamed for the lack of a certain sense of suspense and proliferation of adventures, by moving from one conflict to another, by changing the setting of the action thus activating its narrative potential.

Chancellor ambitions of Alfred Von Waldersee: personal diary as a historical source

Жизнь и деятельность графа Альфреда фон Вальдерзее (1832–1904), одного из ведущих представителей военно-политической элиты Германии конца XIX в., до сих пор остается слабо изученной. Цель настоящего исследования – выяс-нить, может ли его личный дневник дать однозначный ответ на вопрос о нали-чии у него канцлерских амбиций. Обращаясь к исследованиям культурологов, социологов и психологов, автор делает вывод о том, что дневник отражает в первую очередь представления человека о самом себе, его идентичность. Вальдерзее крайне неохотно писал о тех своих действиях, которые плохо со-относились с образом «идеального офицера». Таким образом, ссылка на днев-никовые записи не является однозначным аргументом в пользу отсутствия у Вальдерзее канцлерских амбиций. The life and activities of Alfred Graf Waldersee – one of the most influential military-political leaders of the German empire in the late XIXth century – remain understudied. The goal of the present article is to assess whether his personal diary can provide us a definitive answer about Waldersee’s chancellor ambitions. The main conclusion after consulting the writings of cultural scientists, social scientists and psychologists dealing with diaries is that a diary reflects primarily the self-image of a person, his/her identity. Waldersee was very reticent in describing his actions not corresponding with the image of an “ideal officer”. Therefore, the diary entries cannot prove the absence of ambitions for chancellorship by Waldersee.

To the Delineation of “Depersonalization Allied” Phenomena: J. Reil’s and E. von Feuchtersleben’s Concepts of “General Feeling” (Coenaesthesis)

The origin of the term and notion of “coenaesthesis” of German-speaking medical school was analyzed. Whereas in Germany the term “Coenaesthesis” was presumably fi rst used by J. Reil’s pupil Ch.F. Huebner (1794) in his written in Latin dissertation and the concept that considered the changes in “general feeling” as a ground for some psychiatric disorders was elaborated by J. Reil (1799, 1805), in Russia the similar ideas were expressed by A.F. Solnzev (1825) in his also written in Latin dissertation as D.D. Fedotov and V.G. Ostroglazov indicate. It may be assumed that the Scotch doctor A. Crichton (Alexander Kreiton in Russian transcription) contributed to the propagation of the concept of “Coenaesthesis” from Germany to Russia, due to his account of German concept of “General feeling” in his “Inquiry into the nature and origin of mental derangement” (1798) and succeeding fi fteen years work in Russia. In German-speaking psychiatry the Reil’s concept of “Coenaesthesis” was farther developed by Austrian doctor and psychiatrist E. von Feuchtersleben (1845), who underlined its meaning not only in hypochondrial but also in hysterical disorders and actively used the term “Coenaesthesis” along with the German term “general feeling”; the concept of general feeling is also refl ected in the famous W. Griesinger’s “Pathology and therapy of mental diseases”. In connection with the following separation from general feeling the muscular, temperature and pressure feelings its notion got narrowed as also the circle of mental disorders that was considered as determined by the different changes in general feeling. That is noticeable in German-speaking psychiatry in the concepts of R. von Kraft-Ebing and E. Kraepelin; while H. Schuele did not use the notion of general feeling at all. In Russia A.F. Solnzev’s concept of Coenaesthesis was for a long time forgotten, but in France in the second half of the XIXth century psychologist and philosopher Th. Ribot opened “cenesthesie” anew. In anglo-saxon psychiatry the disorders of general feeling were never considered as a special psychopathological syndrome (with the exception of its presentation by A. Crichton).

AMERICAN-MEXICAN BORDER CONFLICTS IN THE 1870–1910S

The article analyzes the border conflicts between Mexico and the United States at the turn of the XIXth and XXth centuries. American-Mexican relations were an important factor in the development of the regional subsystem of international relations in the Western Hemisphere. Historically, Mexico and the United States have had a complicated relationship. Mexico in the late XIXth – early XXth centuries was a secondary peripheral state, which was mainly agrarian in nature. There were both phases of acute confrontation (almost the entire XIXth century and the beginning of the XXth century), as well as periods of good neighborliness, relatively good, friendly, stable relationships and constructive cooperation. In relations with the United States at that time, it remained rather not a subject, but an object of influence. The extreme American expansionists proposed in the middle of the XIXth century to capture all of Mexico. In response to the aggressive aspirations of America, the Mexican radicals put forward their territorial claims to the neighboring country. They hoped to regain the vast northern region, that was lost during the wars of 1835-1848, which included Upper California, New Mexico, Utah, Arizona and Texas (which was called the "New Philippines" during the era of Spanish colonization). There are two stages of confrontation between the two countries: the 1870s – 1890s and the 1910s – 1920s. The most serious exacerbations on the border occurred in 1876, 1877, 1891-1893, 1896, 1906 and 1910-1919. Both government troops and irregular (militias, partisans, rebels) formations took part in the regional armed conflict. As a result, the situation stabilized for almost a century.

Yakiv Holovatskyi’s Creative Contacts with Figures of Slavonic Countries in the Context of Intercultural Relations in the First Half of the XIXth Century

The article examines in detail the personal and creative contacts of Yakiv Holovatskyi with scholars and cultural-and-public figures of the West Slavonic and South Slavonic nations from the inception of the Ruthenian Triad circle in the 1830s to the early 1850s. The analysis of the problem’s historiography has shown that, despite the territorial fragmentation of Ukrainian lands (the increased control by the Austrian Empire and strict restrictions by the Russian Empire), the Ukrainians of the first half of the XIXth century managed to consolidate their forces and create strong interrelations for the implementation of common Slavonic ideas and the establishment of each nation as a separate independent state unit. The study focuses on the participation of Yakiv Holovatskyi in the socio-cultural processes of the first half of the XIXth century, which led to the development of Ukrainian society in Halychyna and its European integration. A particular attention is paid to aspects of scientific worldview formation of Yakiv Holovatskyi as a folklorist. There is also mentioned the influence of Polish field researchers and ethnographers on his interest in the folklore and ethnographic sphere, which became a priority part of all scientific activity of the Halychyna figure under study and marked the release of the four-volume edition Folk Songs of Halychyna Ruthenia and Hungarian Ruthenia. The article’s authoress reveals Yakiv Holovatskyi’s contacts with figures from the Czech, Slovak, Serbian, Croatian, and Slovenian countries. Thus, the results of Holovatskyi’s cooperation with the Slavonic world are presented and the importance of intercultural relations for the further scientific and artistic development of Ukraine as a nation is emphasized. On the basis of archival materials, the article supplements the list of works carried out by Yakiv Holovatskyi through collaboration with West Slavonic and South Slavonic nations, who treated the scholar as an equal and valued his knowledge in the field of Slavonic studies, history, ethnography, and folklore of the Ukrainian Ciscarpathians. It is proved that throughout his creative career, Yakiv Holovatskyi was a priority link in cultural and scientific relations among the Eastern, Southern and Western Slavs.

Ukrainian School Christmas Drama of the XVIIth–XVIIIth Centuries and Puppet Nativity Play Theatre: Problem of Adaptation and Interpretation of a Musical Factor

The article states that the Ukrainian baroque art has become differentiated into the high, middle and lower stylistic levels. There were certain connections between them, and new art genres appeared on the verges of these levels. The problem of the connection between distinct stylistic levels of the Ukrainian musical baroque has not yet attracted the attention of researchers. The study examines the links between the Ukrainian school Christmas drama of the XVIIth– XVIIIth centuries and the puppet Nativity play theatre. It is noted that for the first time a comparison of these two kinds of theatrical art is drawn in terms of the use of a musical factor in them. It is established that the first act of the Nativity play drama is related to the high style of Ukrainian Christmas school drama. This is revealed on the basis of analysing the dramatic functions of a Choir in both school drama and Nativity play drama. A choir in these spectacles took an active part in revealing the Christmas story, playing the role of a character. What they had in common was the genre of spiritual chant with the syllabic versification. Despite its association with the high style of school drama, the Nativity play drama was a quite new theatrical genre that belongs to the middle stylistic level. Focusing on the folk environment, authors of the Nativity play drama intelligibly conveyed to a wide audience the sacred plot. It is noted that in the second act of the Nativity scene were adapted interludes of school dramas, which represented the lower stylistic level of the Baroque. In this act, a funny line came to the fore, and a musical component is marked by influences of the Ukrainian musical folklore with a predominance of its dancing variety. The interaction of folklore with the lower version of the Baroque had a great potential for the further development of the Ukrainian national theatre. Due to the fact that music was an integral part of the puppet Nativity play drama and played an important dramatic function, this theatrical spectacle, like some school dramas, had the features of the drama with music genre. Thus, school drama and Nativity play drama created the foundation, on which in the XIXth century, the Ukrainian dramaturgy emerged, with a significant role of the musical factor in it, which was essentially a drama with music.

Culturalizare în uniformă. Articole și documente privind Legea Serviciului Social 1938-1939. Antologie de Zoltán Rostás și Dragoș Sdrobiș. Prefață de Zoltán Rostás, postfață de Dragoș Sdrobiș. Editura Paideia, București, 2017

The volume includes an anthology of studies, laws, documents, investigations, and discourses concerning “social engineering” and the young student population, aiming to clarify multiple misunderstandings and myths concerning the Social Service Law, 1938, both from the respective historical period and from recent debates. To this purpose, authors employ a triple strategy of clarifying this piece of legislation: 1) an analysis of the Euro-Atlantic and national contexts of the interbellum period that frames the social service initiatives; 2) connecting the Law to the great public debates of the XIXth century, concerning the life of peasants in the context of village modernization; 3) integrating the experiences of cultural work in villages in the broader, comprehensive vision of the Sociological School of Bucharest, specifying them as a deepening of village modernization on four dimensions: culture of work, of health, of mind and of soul.