Coal Refinery Process Absorbability Index Assessment against Foot Print of Air Pollution by Usage of Robust Optimization Algorithms: A Novel Green Environment Initiative

Coals are employed as fiery substance, and every day, millions of ton coal are consumed by coal users around the world. It is investigated that the millions of coal’s transportation/logistic till the coal user plants via road route and also inside the coal user plants (known as twice factors) not only enhance the air pollution but also cause the global warming. It is earlier known that coals emit the toxic pollutants and offensive gases such as sulfur dioxide, SO2; nitrogen oxides, NOX; hydrogen chloride arsenic; carbon monoxide, CO; methane; CH4; and CO2 on reacting with environmental O2 due to said twice factors, i.e., during the transportation from coal refinery spot to entry gate of coal user plants (another spot) and in process logistic/movement inside the coal user plants (loading to conveyor to coal fire tubes “attached with coal crushers”). Therefore, the coal refinery technique/process is found as the best practice to control air pollution under concerns of twice factors. The reliable and trustworthy coal refining technology improves the quality of coal by eradicating or eliminating the coating or layers of toxic particles from coal’s surface, which speedily crumble or decompose in reacting with environmental O2 under twice factors. As results, coal refining technology adds the green supply chain value into proposed twice factors and also save the world from breeding of ills and viruses. It is understood that the best coal refinery technique/process helps to overcome and reduce air pollution by responding discussed twice factors (accepted as research challenge and motivation of research). In the presented research work, the authors developed and proposed a dynamic multidimension Coal Refinery Process Absorbability Index (CRPAI) structure (consisted of coal refinery core dimension and subdimensions correspond to CRPA alternative techniques/processes) appended with Robust Optimization Algorithm (ROA) to be explored for opting the best CRP from available options. But due to inherent ambiguity, vagueness, and inconsistency involve in both dimensions of proposed structure, the assessment of expert’s panel is gathered in the terms of linguistic variable “appropriateness ratings” against the subdimensions of CRPAI structure corresponding to preferred CRP options. Next, assigned appropriateness ratings against the subdimensions are substituted by GIVFN. To arrive to core dimensions from subdimensions of CRPAI structure, a GITFN-OWGO (Ordered Weighted Geometric Operator) is investigated and modified as a Ordered Weighted Geometric Average Operator (OWGAO) to be applied for estimating the weights of subdimensions (core novelty of work). Finally, a ROA (consisted of MULTI-MOORA with dominance theory) is applied on the output of OWGAO for opting the viable and best CRP option. The positive effect of the dynamic multidimension CRPAI structure is that it helps the coal refinery companies to assess measure and evaluate the best and feasible coal refinery process under concern of twice factors using expert information. The research can be used to control the air pollution by responding aforesaid twice factors by single practice (the best coal refinery process/technique assessment and evaluation).

Synthesis of Alpha Olefins: Catalytic Decarbonylation of Carboxylic Acids and Vegetable Oil Deodorizer Distillate (VODD)

Decarbonylation of carboxylic acids provides an effective protocol for producing alpha olefins; however, previous literature has focused on the palladium-bisphosphine catalysts and has only sporadically studied the palladium-monophosphine catalyst. To investigate the catalytic activity of the palladium-monophosphine catalyst on decarbonylation of carboxylic acids, new monophosphine ligands were synthesized (NP-1, NP-2, CP-1 and CP-2). By employing (1–3 mol%) palladium-naphthylphosphine catalysts, various carboxylic acids were converted into corresponding alpha alkenes with good yields and selectivity within a short period of time. Vegetable oil deodorizer distillate (VODD), which is a by-product from the vegetable oil refinery process, was found to be rich in free fatty acids and there is great interest in turning vegetable oil deodorizer distillate into value-added compounds. It is noteworthy that our catalytic system could be applied to convert vegetable oil deodorizer distillate (VODD) into diesel-like hydrocarbons in a good yield.

Improving the Methodology of Squalene Extraction from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) through Enhanced Pre-Treatment Process

Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) resulted from refinery process of crude palm oil (CPO) contains some beneficial bioactive compounds such as squalene, which is one of the best natural emollients for pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. The need to overcome the problem with the abundant amount of PFAD as a waste has led to the attempts to extract squalene from PFAD in single and multiple stage processes. However, many impurities such as free fatty acids were still found to be present in the yielded squalene extract. Therefore, in this research an effort to optimize the pre-treatment process prior to the extraction was conducted by applying separation technique to reduce some of the free fatty acid, which did not react during saponification. From this experiment, three different pre-treatment scenarios in single stage extraction showed that the squalene content rose from 5.37 % to 9.32 % when centrifugation was applied. Adding another round of saponification to this method has increased the content even further to 23.94 %. Furthermore, the application of multiple stage extraction could increase the squalene content to 37.45 %. Keywords: Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD), Squalene, Liquid-liquid Extraction, Multiple stage extraction, Centrifugation process

Catalytic sugarcane bagasse transformation into a suitable biocrude for hydrocarbon production in typical refinery processes

A circular economy in a typical refinery. Biomass is converted, under mild conditions into a biocrude with adequate physical–chemical properties to be converted into green hydrocarbons using a typical refinery process.

Studies on Behaviour of in Service Tubular Material Used at Refinery Process Furnaces

The purpose of the heat transfer analysis at the level of the technological furnace in radiation section was to determine the medium temperature on the outside wall of the pipeline through which the effluent is processed. It is important to keep an outside temperature of the wall of the duct below the maximum allowable temperature at which this carburizing process takes place. Thus, the temperature calculated on the outside pipe wall is 523.5 oC and the maximum allowable temperature of the outside pipe wall is 595.5oC. The carburizing process leads to the modification of the thermal conductivity of the tubing material. Therefore, if steel is enriched with carbon, thermal conductivity decreases.