Internal migration and mobile communication patterns among pairs with strong ties

Using large-scale call detail records of anonymised mobile phone service subscribers with demographic and location information, we investigate how a long-distance residential move within the country affects the mobile communication patterns between an ego who moved and a frequently called alter who did not move. By using clustering methods in analysing the call frequency time series, we find that such ego-alter pairs are grouped into two clusters, those with the call frequency increasing and those with the call frequency decreasing after the move of the ego. This indicates that such residential moves are correlated with a change in the communication pattern soon after moving. We find that the pre-move calling behaviour is a relevant predictor for the post-move calling behaviour. While demographic and location information can help in predicting whether the call frequency will rise or decay, they are not relevant in predicting the actual call frequency volume. We also note that at four months after the move, most of these close pairs maintain contact, even if the call frequency is decreased.

Residential mobility for a national cohort of New Zealand-born children by area socioeconomic deprivation level and ethnic group

ObjectivesThe aims of this study are to describe area deprivation levels and changes that occur during residential moves involving New Zealand children from birth to their fourth birthday, and to assess whether these changes vary by ethnicity.DesignLongitudinal administrative data.SettingChildren born in New Zealand from 2004 to 2018.ParticipantsAll (565 689) children born in New Zealand with at least one recorded residential move.Outcome measuresA longitudinal data set was created containing lifetime address histories for our cohort. This was linked to the New Zealand Deprivation Index, a measure of small area deprivation. Counts of moves from each deprivation level to each other deprivation level were used to construct transition matrices.ResultsChildren most commonly moved to an area with the same level of deprivation. This was especially pronounced in the most and least deprived areas. The number of moves observed also increased with deprivation. Māori and Pasifika children were less likely to move to, or remain in low-deprivation areas, and more likely to move to high-deprivation areas. They also had disproportionately high numbers of moves.ConclusionWhile there was evidence of mobility between deprivation levels, the most common outcome of a move was no change in area deprivation. The most deprived areas had the highest number of moves. Māori and Pasifika children were over-represented in high-deprivation areas and under-represented in low-deprivation areas. They also moved more frequently than the overall population of 0 to 3 year olds.

The Effects of Residential Mobility on Criminal Persistence and Desistance during the Transition to Adulthood

Objectives: Prior research has documented that residential mobility has the potential to trigger both criminal persistence and desistance, with frequent moving often predicting persistence and long-distance moving predicting desistance. However, less work has considered this possibility during the transition to adulthood. To address this shortcoming, we assessed the effects of different residential moves on offending during this period in the life course. Methods: Using 15 waves of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort, a sample of youth followed from ages 12 to 32, we used mixed-effects models to examine whether frequent moving, between-county moves (a proxy for long-distance), and moving distance are associated with within-individual change in self-reported offending and arrest. Results: Findings indicated that frequent moving was not associated with persistent offending. In addition, individuals who made between-county moves showed significant within-individual reductions in self-reported offending and arrest, with those reductions emerging immediately after the move and persisting over time. Finally, individuals who moved further in distance were more likely to experience reductions in self-reported offending, although any moving distance reduced arrest. Conclusions: A long-distance residential move may serve as a turning point that facilitates reductions in self-reported offending and arrest.

The Maintenance of Desistance

This is the first of two chapters presenting qualitative evidence for understanding why moving away from old neighborhoods can lead to desistance from crime. Chapter 6 examines the case of a former gang leader named Kenneth who was convicted of manslaughter. Whereas guilt and remorse may have been the initial reasons for Kenneth’s desistance from crime, his post-prison experiences touch upon several potential mechanisms explaining why a change of residence helps maintain his desistance. These mechanisms included marriage and parenthood, employment, separation from criminal peers, reduced opportunity for crime, and a new set of daily routines. More generally, his residential move severed some of his short-term situational inducements to crime and thereby provided a foundation for him to pursue long-term commitments to conformity. Additionally, this chapter explores the utility of residential change for separating individuals from the street codes and violent expectations of an old neighborhood.

The Consequences of Spatial Inequality for Adolescent Residential Mobility

A large body of literature suggests that neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage is positively associated with out-mobility. However, prior research has been limited by (1) the inability to account for endogenous factors that both funnel families into deprived neighborhoods and increase their likelihood of moving out, and (2) the failure to consider how the spatial distribution of socioeconomic deprivation in the broader community conditions the effect of local deprivation on mobility. This paper attends to this gap in the literature by examining how changes in socioeconomic disadvantage between sending and receiving neighborhoods and the spatial patterning of deprivation in the areas surrounding destination neighborhoods influence future mobility among a representative sample of American adolescents. We employ a modeling strategy that allows us to examine the unique and separable effects of local and extralocal neighborhood disadvantage while simultaneously holding constant time-invariant factors that place some youth at a greater likelihood of experiencing a residential move. We find that moves to more impoverished neighborhoods decrease the likelihood of subsequent mobility and that this effect is most pronounced among respondents who move to neighborhoods surrounded by other similarly deprived neighborhoods. In this sense, geographical pockets of disadvantage strengthen the mobility-hampering effect of neighborhood deprivation on future mobility.

Family Events and the Residential Mobility of Couples

Using data from retrospective surveys carried out in the Netherlands during the early 1990s, we describe how the residential mobility of couples—that is, short-distance moves—is affected by family events and how fertility is affected by residential mobility. The results show that residential moves are particularly likely to happen in a short period preceding a wedding or during pregnancy, supporting the hypothesis that residential mobility is likely to occur in anticipation of family changes. Anticipation is also suggested by the fact that the likelihood of having a child is greater after a residential move, but only starting from some months after the move. Family events also have a hampering effect on residential moves. Starting from some months after the wedding, being married is associated with a lower propensity of experiencing a short-distance move, while the presence of children is associated with less residential mobility only when children are school-aged.

4. Accelerated Failure-Time Mover-Stayer Regression Models for the Analysis of Last-Episode Data

This article introduces new models for the analysis of last-episode data—that is, data about the timing of the last occurrence of a repeatable event. The new models are elaborations and extensions of a particular model for backward recurrence times from a renewal process introduced by Allison (1985), and they are accelerated failure-time mover-stayer regression models that permit the separation of covariate effects on event timing from those on event occurrence. Using the data of last residential move from the 1990 Census of Population and Housing, an application of the models, which are found to fit the data adequately, shows distinct patterns in the effects of home ownership, gender, race/ethnicity, education, marital experience, and age group on residential mobility. The patterns differ regarding the relative importance and direction of influence between the effects on the duration of residence in the same house or apartment and the effects on the lifetime probability of not experiencing any residential move.

Interdistrict Migration in Great Britain 1980–81: A Multistream Model with a Commuting option

Migrational flows as recorded in the census are a heterogeneous mixture of sets of movements responding in quite different ways to area characteristics and to the friction of distance. To model such flows requires a multistream approach reflecting the principal options in the decision tree facing prospective residential or workplace movers. In this paper an existing three-stream model of migration is adopted and extended to provide a first representation of district—district flows within Great Britain in 1980–81. The extended model incorporates an option for prospective migrants to choose commuting rather than a residential move after finding a new workplace, and employs a logistic function of distance in the regional or environmental stream where migrational opportunities tend not to be independent. Results are presented for the distribution of flows between local, regional, and national streams and for the geographical pattern of pushes and pulls in each.