DELAMINATED CELLS FOR NANO-ENABLED INKJET PRINTABILITY

Nanometer scale cells delaminated from oil palm fruit bunch (EFB) microfiber cell walls were coated on commercial A4 and laboratory sheets prepared from virgin fibers. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) revealed the cells as translucent laminae of fibrils (TRX) bound together in a 5 nm to 100 nm thick web with dendritic edges. Coating of TRX onto the commercial A4 paper improved inkjet printability by up to 80%. The nano-enabled printability occurred as a summed effect of TRX forming (1) a canopy on or “loose-masking” of the protruding inorganic fillers, (2) capillary bridging of micro-voids formed by TRX fibrillary ends, (3) partial bridging of micro-gaps, (4) masking of the fiber surface, and (5) nano-grip arising from dendritic ends slipping into the micro-voids. The TRX-coated virgin pulp network revealed improved nano-enabled coverage by significantly reducing the stray and by print uniformity. The results provided an insight into the possibility of interfacing TRX with the paper surface for an improved inkjet print and economy through high-precision printing, also providing a pleasurable reading experience.

The CirCo (Circular Coffee) Project: A Case Study on Valorization of Coffee Silverskin in the Context of Circular Economy in Italy

Coffee silverskin (CSS) is one of the main byproducts of coffee roasting and poses a potential risk to the environment if disposed of incorrectly. Each year in Italy, over 500,000 tonnes of green coffee are imported for roasting followed by consumption or export. This results in over 7500 tonnes of CSS produced each year which is typically disposed of as solid waste. Silverskin contains lignocellulose and can be used as a substitute for other raw materials to produce paper pulp. Both Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Costing (LCC) were performed to compare the impact and cost of CSS paper production to conventional paper production using only virgin pulp. It was shown that the addition of CSS reduces the environmental impact of paper production by 10% and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 13% compared to conventional production with no cost increase (0.01% reduction with addition of CSS) for the producer. The results of this case study show that the utilization of CSS for paper production at the national level in Italy represents a suitable example of circular economy (CE).

Pengaruh Kinerja Endoglukanase Terhadap Pembentukan Fibrilasi Serat Bahan Baku Kertas Tisu Towel

Bahan baku kertas tisu merupakan virgin pulp yang terdiri dari serat NBKP (Needle Bleach Kraft Pulp) dan serat LBKP (Leaf Bleach Kraft Pulp). Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan enzim terhadap nilai freeneess serta meninjau sifat fisik kertas tisu yang dihasilkan. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan perbandingan tanpa perlakuan enzim (Blank) dan menggunakan penambahan enzim yaitu enzim endoglukanase.Masing - masing enzim divariasikan dosis penggunaannya 0 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm, 500 ppm. Kemudian divariasikan waktu beaternya 0 menit, 15 menit, 20 menit. Penambahan enzim dilakukan sebelum beater. Kondisi enzim saat akan ditambahkan berkonsistensi 1% sedangkan kondisi subtrat (serat) konsistensi 1.56% suhu 40 - 60oC. Dengan variasi pencampuran bahan baku LBKP : NBKP yaitu 70%:30%. Hasil penelitian menunjukan dengan penambahan enzim endoglukanase didapat hasil yang baik yaitu dapat menurunkan nilai freeness LBKP sebesar 16% kemudian freeness NBKP turun sebesar 22%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian penggunaan enzim endoglukanase dapat meningkatkan beberapa sifat fisik kertas tisu seperti porosity, dry tensile.

Pemanfaatan Lumpur Primer Industri Kertas sebagai Absorben

The Utilization of Primary Sludge from Paper Mills as AbsorbentAbstractThe primary sludge from paper mill contains cellulose fiber that has high absorption capacity and potential to be used as an absorbent for hydrophobic compounds. The utilization of primary sludge from paper mill using raw material of waste paper and virgin pulp to be used as an absorbent has been conducted. The stages process of absorbent fabrication was consisted of three stages such as drying, mechanical and chemical processes. Mechanical process conducted were crushing and grinding methods to increase surface area and pore volume of sludge. Meanwhile silanization process as chemical treatment using solution of γ-metacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane in ethanol to improve the hydrophobic properties of primary sludge was also done. Absorbent products were tested for the maximum sorbency, the sorbent performance, absorption of hydrophobic liquid, absorption of hydrophobic dust, and contact angle test to conduct their performance. The absorbency of absorbent product which is covered by cushion material was also tested. Result indicated that the absorption performance of some absorbent product is higher than commercial absorbent on hydrophobic liquid and hydrophobic dust absorption test. But it was lower than commercial absorbent on maximum sorbency and the sorbent performance test. The use of cushion material as a wrapper could make it easy in the collection and could increase the absorbency.Keywords: primary sludge; mechanical; silanization; absorbent; hydrophobic AbstrakLumpur primer dari industri kertas mengandung serat selulosa yang memiliki daya serap tinggi dan memiliki potensi dimanfaatkan sebagai absorben senyawa hidrofobik. Pemanfaatan lumpur primer industri kertas berbahan baku kertas bekas dan virgin pulp sebagai absorben telah dilakukan. Tahapan proses pembuatan absorben dari lumpur primer meliputi proses pengeringan, proses mekanis, dan proses kimia. Proses mekanis yang dilakukan adalah crushing dan grinding untuk meningkatkan luas permukaan dan volume pori-pori lumpur dilanjutkan dengan proses silanisasi (silanization) sebagai perlakuan kimia menggunakan larutan γ-metacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane dalam etanol untuk meningkatkan sifat hidrofobik lumpur. Produk absorben diuji daya serap maksimum (maximum sorbency), kinerja absorben, penyerapan cairan hidrofobik, penyerapan debu hidrofobik, dan pengujian sudut kontak. Daya serap produk absorben yang ditutup bahan bahan cushion juga diuji. Hasil menunjukkan kemampuan absorbsi cairan hidrofobik dan debu hidrofobik dari beberapa perlakuan produk absorben lebih tinggi dari absorben komersial, sedangkan hasil maximum sorbency dan uji kinerja absorben menunjukkan hasil lebih rendah dari absorben komersial. Penggunaan bahan cushion sebagai pembungkus dapat memudahkan dalam pengumpulan dan dapat meningkatkan penyerapan.Kata kunci: lumpur primer; mekanis; silanisasi; absorben; hidrofobik

SAKARIFIKASI LUMPUR PRIMER INDUSTRI KERTAS SECARA FED BATCH MENJADI GLUKOSA UNTUK PEMBUATAN BIOETANOL (FED BATCH SACCHARIFICATION OF PRIMARY PAPER MILL SLUDGE TO PRODUCE FERMENTABLE SUGAR)

Research of fed batch saccharification using paper mill primary sludge from Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) has been conducted. The research was conducted in several stages i.e. sludge characterization, determining optimum dosage of cellulase and glucosidase through batch saccharification, and continued with fed batch saccharification. The characterization was performed on 3 primary sludge type from 3 paper mill, which are print paper mill with virgin pulp raw material, paper tissue mill with virgin pulp raw material and core board mill with waste paper raw material. The characterization results showed that the sludge derived from the tissue paper mill with virgin pulp raw material has the highest content of cellulose which is 47.06%, this sludge was used as further research material. The initial trial of batch saccharification at 6% w/w and temperature of 60oC gave optimum dosage of cellulase 9 FPU/g cellulose and β-glucosidase 80 IU/g cellulose with reducing sugar 20.01 g/L and a saccharification efficiency of 63.84%. Fed batch saccharification was performed on tissue paper mill sludge at cellulase and glucosidase enzyme doses respectively 9 FPU/g cellulose and 80 IU/g, temperature 60°C and initial pH of 4 with two variables, which are cumulative solid content (10%, 14%, and 18% w/v) and feed enzyme system (at the beginning and in step). The best results were obtained at fed batch sakarifikasi with gradual enzyme feeding at 14% solids content resulting in reducing sugar 43.899 g/L and efficiency 60.03%.

EVALUASI EFISIENSI ENERGI PENGERING MULTISILINDER PADA MESIN KERTAS UNTUK PRODUKSI KERTAS TULIS-CETAK GRAMATUR RENDAH

Paper machine has been designed for special purposes in accordance with the fiber characteristic used as the raw material, fiber development needed, and the fiber network developed so that the incremental water content reduction in the paper web from the inlet point of cylindrical dryer up to the outlet point of cylindrical dryer optimum. In industrial application, the paper machine designed for basis weight 60 gsm and virgin pulp as the raw material is often used for 45 gsm productions with virgin and recycled fiber as the raw material because of the paper demand. In this research the cylindrical dryer performance was observed when used for 45 gsm writing and printing paper production and their ability to dry the paper up to the design speed was simulated. Hopefully the result will able to give a contribution for energy efficiency so that the reduction of contribution margin can be anticipated.Keywords: cylindrical dryer, designed speed, energy efficiency, contribution margin. ABSTRAK Mesin kertas telah dirancang sesuai peruntukannya khususnya menyesuaikan dengan karakteristik serat yang digunakan sebagai bahan baku, pengembangan serat yang diinginkan dan jaringan serat yang terbentuk. Hal ini agar pengurangan kadar air yang terjadi secara bertahap dari pengering silinder ujung awal sampai ujung akhir dapat berjalan optimal. Dalam aplikasi industri sering dilakukan penyimpangan seperti mesin kertas yang dirancang untuk untuk memproduksi kertas tulis cetak 60 gsm bahan baku virgin digunakan untuk memproduksi kertas tulis cetak 45 gsm berbahan baku virgin maupun kertas daur-ulang berdasarkan permintaan pasar. Dalam penelitian ini diamati kajian kinerja pengering silinder mesin kertas saat pengeringan produk kertas tulis cetak 45 gsm dan simulasi kemampuan pengeringan pengering silinder tersebut sampai batas kecepatan rancangan mesin kertas. Hasil diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi terhadap efisiensi energi, sehingga langkah antisipasi terhadap kemungkinan penurunan kontribusi keuntungan dapat dilakukan.Kata kunci: pengering silinder, kecepatan rancangan, efisiensi energi, kontribusi keuntungan

PEMANFAATAN SLUDGE INSTALASI PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH INDUSTRI PULP DAN KERTAS SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU BIOETANOL

Investigation on utilization of sludge waste from Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) of pulp and paper mill for bioethanol feedstock in a batch system at laboratory scale has been carried out. Experiments were conducted in three phases, namely the hydrolysis process; the fermentation process by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the simultaneous saccharification-fermentation experiments. Ethanol concentration produced was tested by the HPLC method. Results show that t primary sludge from paper mills made from virgin pulp (sludge A) and primary sludge from pulp and paper made from raw wood (sludge B) at a 2% total solids having potential as raw material for bioethanol. The optimum conditions of the hydrolysis process of sludge A and sludge B is obtained from the sludge solids content of 6%, with the addition of cellulase of 9 FPU/g cellulose and beta-glucosidase of 6.7 IU/FPU for the incubation time of 48 hours producing the reducing sugar content of 31.3% and 36.2% with the hydrolysis efficiency of 64% and 71% respectively. On the SSF process conditions at pH of 4.5, temperature of 28oC for 96 hours, the sludge substrate A can produce ethanol with the concentration of 3.45% and the process efficiency of 72.5% and the sludge substrate B can produce ethanol with the concentration of 2.89% and the process efficiency of 60.8%.Keywords: bioethanol, cellulase, hydrolysis, fermentation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, sludge ABSTRAK Penelitian pemanfaatan sludge Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah (IPAL) industri pulp dan kertas untuk bahan baku bioetanol dengan sistem batch pada skala laboratorium telah dilakukan. Percobaan dilakukan dalam tiga tahapan yaitu proses hidrolisis dengan enzim; proses fermentasi dengan Saccharomyces cerevisiae dan proses sakarifikasi-fermentasi serentak (SFS) pada satu reaktor. Kadar etanol yang dihasilkan diuji dengan metode HPLC. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa dari 4 jenis sludge yang diteliti, sludge primer dari pabrik kertas berbahan baku virgin pulp (sludge A) dan dari pabrik pulp dan kertas berbahan baku kayu (sludge B) berpotensi sebagai bahan baku bioetanol. Kondisi optimum percobaan proses hidrolisis sludge A dan sludge B diperoleh dari perlakuan dengan kadar padatan 6%, dosis selulase 9 FPU/g selulosa; dosis beta glukosidase 6,7 IU/FPU dengan lama inkubasi 48 jam, masing-masing menghasilkan kadar gula pereduksi sebesar 31,3% dan 36,2% dengan efisiensi hidrolisis 64% dan 71%. Pada percobaan SFS dengan kondisi proses pH 4,5 pada suhu 28oC selama 96 jam, substrat sludge A dapat menghasilkan etanol sebesar 3,45% dengan efisiensi proses 72,5% dan substrat sludge B dapat menghasilkan etanol sebesar 2,89% dengan efisiensi proses 60,8%.Kata kunci: bioetanol, selulase, hidrolisis, fermentasi, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, sludge