A Conceptual Model to Explain Dark Matter and Dark Energy

This paper considers a conceptual model that attempts to explain ‘Dark Matter’ and ‘Dark Energy’. The model is based on considering a gravitational field to be the result of a mass (a Higgs field) scattering pre-existing cosmic background space-time waves or ‘Uber-waves’. The term ‘Uber’ is used to denote an outstanding or supreme example of a particular kind of gravitational wave with cosmic-scale wavelengths that are far in excess of those associated with the gravitational waves generated by accelerating masses. Such waves are taken to be the very lowest frequency components associated with the spectrum of space-time waves generated by the ‘Big Bang’ and are supported by the expanding fabric of space-time produced at the point of the big bang, i.e. the lowest frequency components of a cosmological spectrum whose bandwidth is the a Planck frequency (～10∧43 Hz). Like electromagnetic waves, Uber waves are taken to propagate with an upper velocity consistent with the speed of light and interact with, and are scattered by, a Higgs field. This interaction produces the effect of a mass locally curving space-time, an idea that is contrary to the conventional model associated with General Relativity where mass is taken to curve space-time directly which otherwise remains ‘flat’. By assuming the pre-existence of background Uber waves, we consider the concave curvature of such waves to generate an apparent attractive gravitational force. This interaction produces the effect of a mass locally curving space-time, an idea that is contrary to the conventional model associated with General Relativity where mass is taken to curve space-time directly which otherwise remains ‘flat’. By assuming the pre-existence of background Uber waves, we consider the concave curvature of such waves to generate an apparent attractive gravitational force. This attractive force is taken to govern the formation of large scale structures of matter (galaxies and super-clusters of galaxies, for example) in the conventional sense but surrounded by a residual background gravitational field. It is this residual field that gives rise to the effect known as dark matter where more gravity (as an attractive only force) appears to be available than that which can be accounted for by the observed (luminous) mass, a luminosity that is generated primarily by nuclear fusion in stars. The convex curvature of Uber waves is considered to account for cosmic voids within which gravity is a repulsive force and where large scale structures of matter can therefore not be formed. This is considered to explain the super-large cosmic voids or super voids that are observed. These are regions of the universe where there is an absence of rich super clusters of matter. In these anti-gravity zones, only relatively small structures of matter can be formed by electrostatic forces alone which are then repelled from each other when their mass becomes significant enough for the force of anti-gravity to become significant. In such regions of an Uber wave, the matter generated from electrostatic forces builds up to produce a weak gravitational repulsive field due to the low mass density within a void. However, due to the immense size of these cosmic voids, they are taken to generate a net repulsive force which is considered to be the reason for the acceleration associated with the expansion of the universe; the effect of dark energy. This effect also accounts for the cosmic web structure in which luminescent matter appears to exist in relatively thin connective filaments. The purpose of this paper is to provide a conceptual model and not to investigate the ideas proposed in any significant mathematical detail. This is accomplished by building up the ideas on a case-by-case basis, coupled with a series of thought experiments but without resorting to specific physical scales or the physical parameters associated with these scales other than, by default, the speed of light and Newton’s gravitational constant.

Quantum gravity

Gravity has been shown in theories of relativity to be the curving of space around massive bodies. Thus, objects in orbits are following a straight line along a curved space. Why massive bodies curve space is not explained. We continue to ask “What is Gravity?” Quantum mechanics unites theories of electro-magnetism (QED), the weak nuclear force (EWT), and the strong nuclear force (QCD) in the standard model of particle physics, or with a grand unified theory (GUT) sought for these three fundamental forces. As yet there is no empirically verified quantum theory of gravity unified with these three fundamental forces. Considering gravity to be the curving of space, it is evident that gravity supervenes from the properties of space itself. In this short paper, we will attempt to define one of these spatial properties. We will not attempt to define the properties of time, though time appears to be a part of a complete model of gravity. At least in this regard, and likely in many others, our model will be incomplete. We will build a case for the massive collapse of probability density waves (PDWs) in surrounding space, due to the interactions of particles in massive bodies. The collapse of these probabilities, of each particle’s possible superposition somewhere in the surrounding space, causes the apparent “curving” of space. We will conclude that space is not the absence of things. Space is a thing in itself. Included in the properties of space is the potential to contain/transmit PDWs. This potential is suggested by both the theories of relativity and the experimental observations of quantum mechanics. In the presence of massive bodies, particle superposition and the probability of existence in the surrounding space is, to varying degrees, lost and space appears to curve as a consequence.

Remote Sensing Image Quality Assessment Based on Engineering Quality and Spectral Quality

This paper presented a new method to evaluate Remote Sensing image quality, by comparing ZY1-02C, ZY3, and SPOT5 images on the engineering quality and spectral quality. It is important to explore new options to evaluate different Remote Sensing image sources quality, in order to ensure the users could apply a best fit data source to environmental monitoring, ecological monitoring and so on. In this article, there were three aspects in the engineering quality assessment part, including the statistical character, the texture and the energy. And in the spectral quality assessment part, the imaging space, the curve space and the characteristic space were built to compare and measure different spectral ability of extracting ground objects among ZY1-02C, ZY3 and SPOT5 images. The result shows such a Remote Sensing image quality assessment can be generalized to choose suitable data source for some specific field.

BOSONIC STRING THEORY IN BACKGROUND FIELDS BY CANONICAL METHODS

We investigate classical dynamics of the bosonic string in the background metric, antisymmetric and dilaton fields. We use canonical methods to find Hamiltonian in terms of energy–momentum tensor components. The later are secondary constraints of the theory. Due to the presence of the dilaton field the Virasoro generators have nonlinear realization. We find that, in the curve space–time, opposite chirality currents do not commute. As a consequence of the two-dimensional general covariance, the energy–momentum tensor components satisfy two Virasoro algebras, even in the curve space–time. We emphasize that background antisymmetric and dilaton fields are the origin of space–time torsion and space–time nonmetricity, respectively.