Identification and Abundance of Macroalgae at Batu Layar Coast, West Lombok, Indonesia

Batu Layar coastal area provides an optimum environment for the diversity of coastal biota in the form of corals, crustaceans, molluscs, echinoderms and macroalgae. Macroalgae are plantlike marine biota that are large in size. Based on taxonomy, macroalgae are included in the Thallophyta group because their bodies are thallus. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the abundance of macroalgae in Batu Layar Coastal areas to be used as primary data for further research. This research is located at Batu Layar Coast using the Transect method. The number of transects used is 4 transects with the length of each transect is 50 m. On each transect, 5 stations were taken. Samples of each different macroalgae species at each station were taken for the purpose of morphological identification. Macroalgae identification is presented in the form of descriptive analysis and graphs in the presentation of diversity, evenness, and abundance. The results of the identification of macroalgae in research at Batu Layar Coast as a whole found that there were 24 species of macroalgae consisting of 11 species of Chlorophyta, 8 species of Rhodophyta and 5 species of Phaeophyta. Dominant species on the shoreline are Chlorophyta, in the middle of the transect most of algae are the Phaeophyta and dominant species farthest from the shore are Rhodophyta. The conclusion is the most abundant macroalgae species is Gelidium latifolium from Rhodophyta division with number of abundance is 4.58 individuals/m2.

The Antiproliferative and Apoptosis-Inducing Effects of the Red Macroalgae Gelidium latifolium Extract against Melanoma Cells

The red macroalga Gelidium latifolium is widely distributed in the coastal areas of Indonesia. However, current knowledge on its potential biological activities is still limited. In this study, we investigated the potential bioactive compounds in Gelidium latifolium ethanol extract (GLE), and its cytotoxic effects against the murine B16-F10 melanoma cell line. GLE shows high total phenolic content (107.06 ± 17.42 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (151.77 ± 3.45 mg QE/g), which potentially contribute to its potential antioxidant activity (DPPH = 650.42 ± 2.01 µg/mL; ABTS = 557.01 ± 1.94 µg/mL). ESI-HR-TOF-MS analysis revealed large absorption in the [M-H]- of 327.2339 m/z, corresponding to the monoisotopic molecular mass of brassicolene. The presence of this compound potentially contributes to GLE’s cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 84.29 ± 1.93 µg/mL). Furthermore, GLE significantly increased the number of apoptotic cells (66.83 ± 3.06%) compared to controls (18.83 ± 3.76%). Apoptosis was also confirmed by changes in the expression levels of apoptosis-related genes (i.e., p53, Bax, Bak, and Bcl2). Downregulated expression of Bcl2 indicates an intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Current results suggest that components of Gelidium latifolium should be further investigated as possible sources of novel antitumor drugs.

Domestication of Red Seaweed (Gelidium latifolium) in Different Culture Media

Gelidium latifolium is one of red seaweed types potentially can be developed as an industrial raw material. Since Gelidium is currently taken from ocean, the availability of seaweed from aquaculture is necessary to overcome the small number of its availability in nature. In Indonesia, G. latifolium cultivation has not been carried out so that domestication is required. The use of macro and micro nutrients in growth media is essentially needed for the domestication process. Domestication requires fast media and place for growth. The purpose of this study is to determine the growth of biomass and the survival of G. latifolium in different culture media. The study was conducted in a semi-outdoor research laboratory. The method used in this research is laboratory experimental method and Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with the treatment applied using 3 types of culture media (Urea: Za: TSP) by comparison (A) 100: 50: 50% (2 g.L-1), (B) 75: 75: 50% (2 g.L-1) and (C) 75: 50: 75% (2 g.L-1), with 3 replications. The seaweed was kept in 10 L of water in aeration equipped aquarium and filled with 10 g of G. latifolium on each treatment. The best growth rate of G. latifolium biomass is 5.67± 0.58 g and 100±0% are survived in C culture medium with a concentration of 75% Urea: 50% ZA: 75% TSP (2 g.L-1).

EFEKTIVITAS DAYA HAMBAT CAMPURAN EKSTRAK RUMPUT LAUT (Gelidium latifolium) DAN EKSTRAK JERUK NIPIS (Citrus aurantifolia) TERHADAP Candida albicans SECARA IN VITRO

Infeksi Candida albicans dapat berupa infeksi superfisial hingga sistemik. Ekstrak rumput laut dan minyak atsiri ekstrak jeruk nipis terbukti dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Candida albicans. Belum adanya penelitian mengenai penggunaan jeruk nipis dan rumput laut secara bersamaan sebagai anti jamur, menarik peneliti untuk meneliti masalah ini. Membandingkan efektivitas daya hambat campuran ekstrak rumput laut dan ekstrak jeruk nipis terhadap Candida albicans secara in vitro. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan penelitian Postest Only Control Group Design. Dibuat 7 perlakuan, 2 perlakuan kontrol dan 5 kelompok perlakuan yang diberi campuran ekstrak rumput laut dan ekstrak jeruk nipis dengan perbandingan 4:0, 3:1, 2:2, 1:3, dan 0:4. Hasil rerata daya hambat campuran ekstrak rumput laut dan ekstrak jeruk nipis dengan perbandingan 4:0, 3:1, 2:2, 1:3, dan 0:4 (3,62 mm, 25,5 mm, 31 mm, 42,5 mm dan 42,5 mm dengan P < 0,05). Hasil uji multifariat menunjukan nilai signifikansi P<0,05, maka dapat dikatakan bahwa paling tidak terdapat perbedaan rerata antar dua kelompok perlakuan. Hasil uji post hoc menunjukan 9 pasang perlakuan memiliki nilai P < 0,05 dan 6 pasang perlakuan memiliki nilai P > 0,05. Campuran ekstrak rumput laut dan ekstrak jeruk nipis dengan perbandingan 4:0, 3:1, 2:2, 1:3, 0:4 memiliki daya hambat terhadap pertumbuhan Candida albicans.

The Effect of CO2 Injection on Macroalgae Gelidium latifolium Biomass Growth Rate and Carbohydrate Content

There are many species of macroalga grow in marine ecosystem and potentially as raw material for bioethanol resource. Bioethanol is a conversion result of carbohydrate, one of macroalgae biomass content. The exploration of macroalgae require information about growth rate ability to determine availability in the nature. This research analyze growth rate and carbohydrate content of marine macroalga Gelidium latifolium on cultivation using varied injection of carbon dioxide and aeration. The treatments were control (K), 2000 cc CO2 injection and aeration (P1), 3000 cc CO2 injection and aeration (P2), 2000 cc CO2 injection without aeration (P3), and 3000 cc CO2 injection without aeration (P4). Samples weight were 3 gram in early cultivation on laboratorium scale for 42 days observation. The results showed that the daily growth rate Gelidium latifolium during the study ranged from 0.02-1.06%. The highest daily growth rate was 1.06±0.14% (P2). Carbohydrate yield was 18.23% in early cultivation then 19.40% (K and P2), 20.40% (P1), 16.87% (K3), and 16.40% (P4) after cultivation. The high of carbohydrates value may not guarantee the sustainable Gelidium latifolium biomass utilization as raw material for bioethanol production because of the low growth rate, thus it is necessary to modified and encourage cultivation method effectively. Keywords: CO2 injection, growth rate, carbohydrate, macroalgae, Gelidium latifolium