Assessment of cancer prevention effect of exercise

There are many documents about benefits of exercise on human health. However, evidences indicate to positive effect of exercise on disease prevention, understanding of many aspects of this mechanism need more investigations. Determination of critical genes which effect human health. GSE156249 including 12 gene expression profiles of healthy individual biopsy from vastus lateralis muscle before and after 12-week combined exercise training intervention were extracted from gene expression omnibus (GEO) database. The significant DEGs were included in interactome unit by Cytoscape software and STRING database. The network was analyzed to find the central nodes subnetwork clusters. The nodes of prominent cluster were assessed via gene ontology by using ClueGO. Number of 8 significant DEGs and 100 first neighbors analyzed via network analysis. The network includes 2 clusters and COL3A1, BGN, and LOX were determined as central DEGs. The critical DEGs were involved in cancer prevention process.

Systemic cross-talk between brain, gut, and peripheral tissues in glucose homeostasis: effects of exercise training (CROSSYS). Exercise training intervention in monozygotic twins discordant for body weight

Background Obesity and physical inactivity are major global public health concerns, both of which increase the risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Regulation of glucose homeostasis involves cross-talk between the central nervous system, peripheral tissues, and gut microbiota, and is affected by genetics. Systemic cross-talk between brain, gut, and peripheral tissues in glucose homeostasis: effects of exercise training (CROSSYS) aims to gain new systems-level understanding of the central metabolism in human body, and how exercise training affects this cross-talk. Methods CROSSYS is an exercise training intervention, in which participants are monozygotic twins from pairs discordant for body mass index (BMI) and within a pair at least the other is overweight. Twins are recruited from three population-based longitudinal Finnish twin studies, including twins born in 1983–1987, 1975–1979, and 1945–1958. The participants undergo 6-month-long exercise intervention period, exercising four times a week (including endurance, strength, and high-intensity training). Before and after the exercise intervention, comprehensive measurements are performed in Turku PET Centre, Turku, Finland. The measurements include: two positron emission tomography studies (insulin-stimulated whole-body and tissue-specific glucose uptake and neuroinflammation), magnetic resonance imaging (brain morphology and function, quantification of body fat masses and organ volumes), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (quantification of fat within heart, pancreas, liver and tibialis anterior muscle), echocardiography, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue biopsies, a neuropsychological test battery as well as biosamples from blood, urine and stool. The participants also perform a maximal exercise capacity test and tests of muscular strength. Discussion This study addresses the major public health problems related to modern lifestyle, obesity, and physical inactivity. An eminent strength of this project is the possibility to study monozygotic twin pairs that share the genome at the sequence level but are discordant for BMI that is a risk factor for metabolic impairments such as insulin resistance. Thus, this exercise training intervention elucidates the effects of obesity on metabolism and whether regular exercise training is able to reverse obesity-related impairments in metabolism in the absence of the confounding effects of genetic factors. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03730610. Prospectively registered 5 November 2018.

Adrenergically and non-adrenergically mediated human adipose tissue lipolysis during acute exercise and exercise training

Obesity-related adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction, in particular subcutaneous AT (SCAT) lipolysis, is characterized by catecholamine resistance and impaired atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) responsiveness. It remains unknown whether exercise training improves (non-)adrenergically mediated lipolysis in metabolically compromised conditions. We investigated the effects of local combined α-/β-adrenoceptor blockade on abdominal SCAT lipolysis in lean insulin sensitive (IS) (n=10), obese IS (n=10), and obese insulin resistant (IR) (n=10) men. Obese men participated in a 12-week exercise training intervention to determine the effects on SCAT lipolysis. Abdominal SCAT extracellular glycerol concentration and blood flow (ATBF) were investigated using microdialysis, with/without locally combined α-/β-adrenoceptor blockade at rest, during low-intensity endurance-type exercise and post-exercise recovery. In obese IR men, microdialysis was repeated after exercise intervention. The exercise-induced increase in SCAT extracellular glycerol was more pronounced in obese IS compared with lean IS men, possibly resulting from lower ATBF in obese IS men. The exercise-induced increase in extracellular glycerol was blunted in obese IR compared with obese IS men, despite comparable local ATBF. Abdominal SCAT extracellular glycerol was markedly reduced (remaining ~60% of exercise-induced SCAT extracellular glycerol) following the local α-/β-adrenoceptor blockade in obese IS but not in IR men, suggesting reduced catecholamine-mediated lipolysis during exercise in obese IR men. Exercise training did not affect (non-)adrenergically mediated lipolysis in obese IR men. Our findings showed a major contribution of non-adrenergically-mediated lipolysis during exercise in male abdominal SCAT. Furthermore, catecholamine-mediated lipolysis may be blunted during exercise in obese IR men but could not be improved by exercise intervention, despite an improved metabolic profile and body composition.