Acute chemical ingestion in the under 19 population in South Korea: A brief report

Background Most people are frequently exposed to chemicals and chemical products. This study provides basic information on the outcomes of acute chemical ingestion of patients aged under 19 years. Methods Patients aged under 19 years who had ingested chemicals and thus visited the emergency department between January 2011 and December 2016 were included in this study. Results In all, 1,247 patients included (1,145 in the unintentional group and 102 in the intentional group). The mean age was 3.27±4.77 in the unintentional ingestion group and 16.49±1.94 in the intentional group. In the unintentional group, detergents were most frequently ingested (by 219 patients), followed by hypochlorite-based agents, ethanol, sodium hydroxide, acetone, silica gel, and citric acid. Cases of boric acid (odds ratio [OR] = 6.131), ethylene glycol (OR = 6.541), glacial acetic acid (OR = 7.644), other hydrocarbons (OR = 4.496), hypochlorite-based agent (OR = 2.627), nicotine (OR = 5.635), and sodium peroxocarbonate (OR = 6.783) ingestion was associated with a significantly high admission rate. In the intentional group, there were 54 cases of ingestion of hypochlorite-based agent, followed by detergent, ethylene glycol, ethanol, methanol and sodium peroxycarbonate. The significant risk factors for admission in the intentional group were ingestion of ethylene glycol (OR = 37.333) and hypochlorite-based agent (OR = 5.026). There was no mortality case. Conclusion The most commonly ingested substances were sodium hypochlorite (hypochlorite-related agent), surfactants (detergent and soap), and ethanol. The ingestion of hypochlorite or ethylene glycol was the main risk factor for admission. Intentional ingestion was higher in adolescents than in children.

L2 LEARNERS� VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT IN INCIDENTAL/INTENTIONAL LEARNING CONDITIONS: ROLE OF PERSONALITY TYPES

This study investigated the effect of incidental/intentional learning and the effect of personality types on participants� vocabulary learning. The sample involved 69 L2 learners. After completing a vocabulary test, they were placed into 2 groups. Both groups had to read 3 texts, with only the intentional group being informed about an upcoming posttest. Some vocabulary activities were provided for the intentional participants, drawing their attention to word meanings. The incidental group, however, was required to answer some comprehension questions. The posttest and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator were administered after the treatment. Results revealed that the intentional group outperformed the incidental one. The only personality dimension found to influence vocabulary learning was extroversion/introversion. It can be suggested that the intention to learn can encourage L2 learners to attend to the meanings of the words. Moreover, the introverts were believed to have higher concentration and problem-solving ability. Results can help L2 teachers reach a better understanding of vocabulary learning. Also, an awareness of L2 learners� individual differences can help teachers adjust their classes and adopt their materials accordingly.Keywords: incidental vocabulary learning; intentional vocabulary learning; personality types.

Group Learning Through the Lens of Learner Autonomy

Learner autonomy describes the individual who exercises personal agency in his or her learning. Similar to an individual, groups—that is, collections of people with a defined purpose often represented by organizational subunits—also engage in intentional learning to support and improve existing processes or identify and pursue new opportunities. The purpose of this theoretical discussion is to characterize aspects of intentional group learning using the theoretical framework associated with learner autonomy. Applied to the group level, notions of agentic learning, modes through which agentic learning is exercised, and regulation will be discussed through this lens of autonomy. This discussion may prove useful in describing how organizational groups learn intentionally and in developing processes that improve such learning.

Presentations Related to Acute Paracetamol Intoxication in an Urban Emergency Department in Switzerland

Aim. To investigate the characteristics of Emergency Department (ED) presentations due to acute paracetamol intoxication. Methods. Retrospective observational study of patients presenting to the ED of Bern University Hospital between May 1, 2012, and October 31, 2018, due to a paracetamol overdose (defined as intake of >4 g/24 h). Cases were identified using the full-text search of the electronic patient database and were grouped into intentional (suicidal/parasuicidal) and unintentional intoxications (e.g., patient unaware of maximal daily dose). Results. During the study period, 181 cases were included and 143 (79%) of those were intentional. Compared to the patients in the unintentional group, patients in the intentional group were more often female (85% vs 45%, p<0.001) and younger (median age 23.0 vs 43.5 years, p<0.001), more frequently suffered from psychiatric comorbidities (93%, (including 49% with borderline personality disorder) vs 24%, p<0.001), and paracetamol was more often taken as a single dose (80% vs 13%, p<0.001). Although the median daily ingested dose was lower in the unintentional than in the intentional group (8.2 g vs 12.9 g, p<0.001), patients in the unintentional group presented later (29% vs 84% within 24 h of ingestion, p<0.001), included more cases of acute liver failure (nine (24%) vs six (4%), p<0.001), and were more often hospitalised (24% vs 52% treated as outpatients, p=0.002). There were no significant differences between the groups regarding drug-induced liver injury (seven cases (5%) in the intentional and one (3%) in the unintentional group) or fatalities (one in each group). Conclusions. The majority of presentations due to paracetamol poisoning were intentional, most commonly in female patients with borderline personality disorder. Patients with unintentional paracetamol intoxication had worse outcomes with respect to acute liver failure and hospitalisation. Future preventive measures should raise awareness of paracetamol toxicity in the general population and encourage particular attention and frequent follow-ups when prescribing paracetamol for vulnerable groups.

Intentional Injuries in Trauma Carry a Higher Risk of Mortality

Background: There are several predictive models to identify risk factors for mortality in the context of trauma, such as Trauma Injury Severity Score (TRISS), Revised Trauma Score (RTS), and Injury Severity Score (ISS). Most of these models identify physiological parameters such as low GCS, presence of shock and on-going hemorrhage, or organ related injuries as potential risk factors for mortality. Intentional reason of injury is however, not being highlighted as a risk factor for mortality. We aimed to assess whether intentional injury was a contributing factor to mortality. Methods: Data from SweTrau (Swedish National Trauma Registry). Intentional injuries compared to non-intentional injuries. Multivariate regression analysis was conducted. Stepwise forward and backward regression was conducted. Results: A total number of 3875 patients were included. There were 3613 (93%) non-intentional and 262 (7%) intentional patients. The 30-day mortality rate was higher in the intentional group compared to non-intentional group, 10% vs. 4% (p<0.001). Patients in the intentional group were younger than the non-intentional group, at 39±18 vs. 47±21 years old (p<0.001). In both, the forward and backward tests injury intention remained statistically significant with OR 2 (CI 1.1-3.7). Shock (OR 4.7, CI 2.9-7.8), Severe Head Injury (OR 8.9, CI 5.3-14.7), Age ≥ 60 (OR 6.7, CI 4.1-10.8), ISS ≥16 (OR 10.8, CI 6.9-16.9) and ASA (OR 3.5, CI 2.2-5.7) were other factors affecting mortality. Conclusion: Injury intention was an independent factor contributing to mortality in our study. This particular cohort need further attention during trauma management with a holistic insight to improve their survival.

Incidental and Intentional Learning of Economic Information in Beginning Typewriting

105 beginning typewriting students of above and below average IQ were assigned to an Incidental or Intentional Learning Group. The Incidental Learning Group typed 20 5-min. writings on the topic of economics over a 5-wk. period. They were not told to read or study what they typed. The Intentional Learning Group followed the same format with the exception that they were told to read and concentrate on the material being typed. Ss in the intentional group learned significantly ( P.001) more economic concepts and achieved significantly ( P.06) greater speed gain than Ss in the incidental group. There was no significant difference in the rate of accuracy between the two groups. Ss of above average IQ in both learning groups learned significantly more economic concepts than those of below average IQ.

Recall as a Function of Input Clustering, Delay and Intentions to Learn

48 adults judged the similarity of word-pairs with (Intentional) and without (Incidental) knowledge that recall would follow. Pairs were typed next to each other (Simultaneous), or S turned a card to see the second member (Delayed). The list was composed of synonyms paired together (Synonymity), paired with themselves (Repeated), or paired with Unrelated list members. Recall for the Intentional Group was better clustered but not higher than for the Incidental Group. The Delayed Group recalled fewer words than the Simultaneous Group. Repeated and Unrelated pairings did not differ, and they produced lower recall than Synonymity pairings.