Drawing up plans

This chapter describes how to draw up a community plan and how to use planning tools within the community, for example, problem trees, a SWOT analysis, and SMART objectives. It describes how to write and use a logical framework (logframe) and provides examples. It covers the importance of establishing village health committees and community action groups, and how using these can assist with engaging the target communities, It also discusses other alternatives to assist in writing proposals, for example, using findings from the participatory appraisal (PA) or a community survey, but also as working programme tools. Finally, it gives practical examples.

Learning with the community

This chapter describes basic principles of the Participatory Appraisal (PA), including techniques such as focus groups, semi-structured interviews, and mapping. It describes how to triangulate and analyse this information. It goes into detail about types of community surveys, why they should be done, and who can best do them. It gives practical suggestions on preparing survey materials, training the survey team, carrying out the survey, and the use of technology in data collection. It discusses the concept of community diagnosis and how to tally and tabulate results in order to present findings to a variety of audiences.

The Formation of Customary Law Related to the Use of Natural Resources in the Lore Lindu Region

The research aims to know and comprehend the customary law principles as a rule in the exploration of natural resources, to know communities behavior on customary law in exploring the natural resources, and to explain the customary law as a beneficial rule to conserve the natural resources in lore lindu region. It will be conducted through the research method of socio-legal by data collecting will be done by direct observation of the research object as well as interview and participatory appraisal. Secondary data such as documented policy, law and regulations, political agreements, village demographic data, and other supporting data will be collected from various sources of concerns. The result of the research could be revealed as that the customary law principles as a rule in the explorations of natural resources still influence their rule in using its of course lead by head of tribe (totua Ngata) for a long time ago. As well as the communities behavior on customary law in using the natural resources in general. Then the customary law as a beneficial rule to conserve the natural resources in lore lindu region in particular can be assumed, but the intervention of state law or policy made it diminish gradually. Customary law related to forest conservation as a part of their values such as ombo (forbidden) cutting or bring tree or fish in a certain time. Keyword: Formation; Customary Law; Natural Resources; National Park

Desafios para o trabalho em saúde: um estudo comparado de Hospitais Universitários na Argélia, Brasil e França

Resumo O estudo compara os desafios no trabalho em serviços de emergência de hospitais universitários públicos na Argélia, Brasil e França. A descrição e a análise estão organizadas em três eixos: contexto e trajetória dos sistemas, hospitais e serviços de emergência, e os desafios enfrentados. Nos serviços foram feitas entrevistas, questionários, observação e “groupes de rencontre du travail”/GRT. Para o processo analítico utilizou-se técnicas do “participatory appraisal” complementadas com triangulação de fontes e dados. Os principais desafios referidos foram: déficit da força de trabalho; falta de leitos nos serviços de internação; déficit de infraestrutura e materiais; excesso de atividades cronofágicas; transição geracional; violência pelos usuários e familiares. Medidas de racionalização e contenção de gastos repercutem de modo mais intenso na Argélia e no Brasil onde há um baixo patamar de financiamento público. Nota-se que a gestão hospitalar não pode estar dissociada do planejamento da rede de atenção, tendo em vista as crescentes pressões do complexo produtivo, da transição demográfica e epidemiológica. A médio prazo, medidas que possam atenuar atividades cronofágicas, o deficit de materiais e a violência devem ser consideradas na melhoria do trabalho em emergências.