The Study of Comprehensive Risk Management and Corporate Finance Constraints

The reasons why companies implement comprehensive risk management and the benefits it can bring to companies have been a subject of academic interest. However, there is still room for further exploration of this topic for the following three reasons: firstly, most of the existing literature is focused on the study of corporate performance and value, and there is less research on the level of corporate financing constraints; secondly, a few papers have initially explored the relationship between the implementation of comprehensive risk management and corporate financing costs, but the research on the intrinsic impact mechanism remains at the theoretical level and lacks empirical testing Finally, comprehensive risk management has been a hot topic in recent years, but most of the literature has focused on developed countries such as Europe and the US, and domestic research is still very limited. Therefore, this paper attempts to empirically test how the implementation of comprehensive risk management affects corporate financing constraints, in the hope that it can complement the existing literature.

DAMPAK PEMBIAYAAN INVESTASI DENGAN UTANG DAN JAMINAN DARI MODAL SENDIRI (Case Study PT Agung Podomoro Land Tbk)

This study aims to recommend decision making related to the use of debt in corporate financing. This study took data from PT Agung Podomoro Land Tbk. In addition to developing, the company also plays a role in providing modern residential facilities. This study focuses on the financing structure between debt and equity. The results of the study become an important study to see the company's performance through the LTDER ratio with the use of 2017-2019 data. The results of the study found that there was a large percentage of debt financing carried out by companies from 2017 to 2019. This condition indicates that debt financing makes a greater contribution than own capital to funding and business growth. Keywords: Financing, Long-Term Debt, Equity

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE INTENTION TO ACCEPT SHARIAH COMPLIANT CROWDFUNDING MODE OF FINANCING IN BORNO STATE, NIGERIA

Micro-, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) face numerous obstacles, such as a lack of funding, which hinder their growth and expansion. They must have access to long-term funding to improve and modernise their operations competitively. This study aims to incorporate Shariah-compliant crowd funding among MSMEs in Borno state of Nigeria. It applies partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) on a sample of 341 MSMEs and recommends the need to educate and enlighten them about the benefits of Islamic crowdfunding. The study also recommends the need to produce guidelines that will help in developing a legal and regulatory framework for the incorporation of crowdfunding into corporate financing structures. Finally, it is recommended that religious leaders at various levels organise educational programmes on the importance of Shariah-compliant crowdfunding.

New fiscal law aims to clean up Panama’s reputation

Significance This marks another step towards Panama’s long-standing aim of strengthening its fiscal framework and countering its reputation as a tax haven. While the law will bring some improvements, much of Panama’s fiscal framework remains opaque. This will continue to pose reputational risks for investors and financiers. Impacts The fiscal reform will have knock-on effects for businesses in terms of updating taxation and regulatory procedures. Ongoing analysis of the Pandora Papers could reveal further links to Panama’s corporate financing and, potentially, public figures. A push to improve fiscal transparency could hit financial sector revenues in the short term, as investors move to other jurisdictions.

A macro-financial theory of corporate financing and forecast modelling of market movements

<p>This thesis identifies a gap in existing theories of corporate finance. This gap is an implication of a Keynesian-Minskian analysis of markets and market-based economies. From a founding theoretical perspective rooted in the view that markets are not reliably efficient the case is developed that past price trend extrapolation is an important factor in corporate financing decisions. At a macro-financial level, companies repurchase equity over periods of strong market rises, while increasing debt at the same time. During periods of sustained, substantial market decline debt is retired and large new equity issues occur. This change in corporate financing is implicitly expensive as relatively low prices are realised for the new stock issued at these times. These factors suggest that conventional theories of corporate financing decisions that rely on corporate rationality and optimisation do not provide a compelling fit with observations in the period 1980-2012. Moreover, inference to Minsky’s (1986) argument that companies are compelled through market declines to shore up their balance sheets provides a better fit with the evidence. These arguments form the basis for the development of the ‘extrapolative expectations’ theory of corporate finance. The second major development in this thesis draws on the theoretical development outlined above to create market movement description and prediction models. These models operate on data drawn from the US Standard & Poors 500 index over the period 1980-2012. Two primary models are developed using binomial logistic regressions. The dichotomous dependent variables are drawn as quarters of market rise (1) or no rise (0), and market falls (1) or no fall (0), respectively for the ‘buy’ model and the ‘sell’ model. Variables tested and those found to add to an explanation of the dependent variables include: corporate debt flows, corporate equity flows, corporate dividend flows, interest rates, market volumes, and historical market levels. Each variable is tested for up to ten lags (two-and-a-half years). Collectively, the variables add to our understanding of those factors influencing (or at the least, signalling) market levels, enabling quarter ahead market forecasts to be made with greater accuracy than arises from an assumption of a random walk. This conclusion crystallises the view that company macro-financial flows and prices are an important cause or signal of future market direction.</p>

A macro-financial theory of corporate financing and forecast modelling of market movements

<p>This thesis identifies a gap in existing theories of corporate finance. This gap is an implication of a Keynesian-Minskian analysis of markets and market-based economies. From a founding theoretical perspective rooted in the view that markets are not reliably efficient the case is developed that past price trend extrapolation is an important factor in corporate financing decisions. At a macro-financial level, companies repurchase equity over periods of strong market rises, while increasing debt at the same time. During periods of sustained, substantial market decline debt is retired and large new equity issues occur. This change in corporate financing is implicitly expensive as relatively low prices are realised for the new stock issued at these times. These factors suggest that conventional theories of corporate financing decisions that rely on corporate rationality and optimisation do not provide a compelling fit with observations in the period 1980-2012. Moreover, inference to Minsky’s (1986) argument that companies are compelled through market declines to shore up their balance sheets provides a better fit with the evidence. These arguments form the basis for the development of the ‘extrapolative expectations’ theory of corporate finance. The second major development in this thesis draws on the theoretical development outlined above to create market movement description and prediction models. These models operate on data drawn from the US Standard & Poors 500 index over the period 1980-2012. Two primary models are developed using binomial logistic regressions. The dichotomous dependent variables are drawn as quarters of market rise (1) or no rise (0), and market falls (1) or no fall (0), respectively for the ‘buy’ model and the ‘sell’ model. Variables tested and those found to add to an explanation of the dependent variables include: corporate debt flows, corporate equity flows, corporate dividend flows, interest rates, market volumes, and historical market levels. Each variable is tested for up to ten lags (two-and-a-half years). Collectively, the variables add to our understanding of those factors influencing (or at the least, signalling) market levels, enabling quarter ahead market forecasts to be made with greater accuracy than arises from an assumption of a random walk. This conclusion crystallises the view that company macro-financial flows and prices are an important cause or signal of future market direction.</p>

FINANCING OF MUNICIPAL UTILITY ENTERPRISES UNDER CONDITIONS OF BUDGET CONSTRAINTS

Background. The article investigates the principles of budget financing, the principles of enterprise and corporate financing, and the principles of social entrepreneurship. The scientific approaches on the interpretation of the given principles of financing are generalized and systematized. Expediency of the separate principle’s application in the context of the municipal enterprise functioning is substantiated. The principles of the municipal utility enterprises financing are proposed with consideration to social significance of the municipal enterprises in the system of economic activity of the territorial community. Materials and methods. The historical method, analysis and synthesis, the method of deduction were used in theoretical systematization of the budget financing and enterprise financing principles. Derivation of the principles of financing utilities on the basis of scientist’s opinions systematization is performed using the inductive method. The conclusions of the study are formed by the abstract-logical method. Results. The principles of municipal utilities financing should be based on the principles of budget financing, as these enterprises are recipients of funds from local budgets.However, the utility enterprise operates on the commercial basis, the principles of its financing should take into account the principles of private sector enterprises financing. We have developed the principles of a municipal utility company financing, which are grouped into two categories – general and specific principles. Conclusion. We have proposed the principles of utilities financing with their division into universal and specific, taking into account the commercial nature of such enterprises and their social significance. And furthermore, these principles allow to justify the functions, methods and approaches to utility enterprise financing, which will be a topic for future research. Keywords: municipal utility enterprise, financing principles, budget financing, corporate financing.