Proposed Special Education Paradigm for Mental Disability People in Palestine in the Light of International Trends and Standards: أنموذج مقترح لمنهاج التربية الخاصة لذوي الإعاقات الذهنية في فلسطين في ضوء المعايير والتوجهات العالمية

As the title indicates, this study has sought to build a paradigm for special education in Palestine to serve people with mental health disabilities in line with international trends and standards. To that end, the researchers first made a review of relevant theoretical literature, such as articles, theses and dissertations, related to curricula and special needs and traits of mentally disabled persons. This is in addition to societies and institutions which cater to their needs. Then based on collected data, the researchers developed a paradigm for special education in the light of contemporary trends and standards in line with official educational policies in Palestine and in harmony with the social, cognitive and skilful frameworks of the mentally disabled individuals. In addition to the proposed paradigm, the researchers have suggested a set of skills and guidelines for school teachers in accordance with the curriculum paradigm. The researchers recommend adoption of the proposed special education paradigm and make it a basis for the production of educational manuals, school textbooks and extracurricular activities in order to raise the quality of education provided to the mentally disabled people.

Atuação do enfermeiro no atendimento aos usuários com sofrimento psíquico

Objetivo: analisar as evidências científicas quanto à atuação do enfermeiro no atendimento aos usuários com sofrimento psíquico. Método: trata-se de um estudo bibliográfico, tipo revisão integrativa da literatura, nas bases de dados LILACS e BDENF e na Biblioteca Virtual SciELO. Selecionaram-se artigos científicos brasileiros completos, em português, publicados entre 2000 e 2017. Analisaram-se os resultados de forma descritiva. Resultados: escolheram-se nove artigos para estudo, que trataram da atuação do enfermeiro no atendimento a usuários em sofrimento psíquico, sendo a maioria (n=4), são pesquisas exploratórias e descritivas. Acrescenta-se que o ano de 2006 foi o que obteve o maior número de publicações (n=3). Elencaram-se duas categorias para discussão: “O ensino da disciplina Enfermagem Psiquiátrica na graduação em Enfermagem” e “Assistência do enfermeiro ao doente mental”. Conclusão: percebeu-se a necessidade de rever o processo de formação do enfermeiro de forma a capacitá-lo para a assistência à pessoa em sofrimento psíquico de acordo com o que é proposto pela Reforma Psiquiátrica. Descritores: Enfermeiro; Cuidados de Enfermagem; Saúde Mental; Pessoas com Deficiência Mental; Psiquiatria; Formação Profissional em Saúde.AbstractObjective: to analyze the scientific evidence regarding the nurse's role in the care of users with psychological distress. Method: this is a bibliographic study, integrative literature review, in the LILACS and BDENF databases and in the SciELO Virtual Library. Complete Brazilian scientific articles, published in Portuguese, published between 2000 and 2017 were selected. The results were analyzed descriptively. Results: nine articles were chosen to study, which dealt with the role of nurses in the care of users in psychological distress, the majority (n = 4), are exploratory and descriptive research. In addition, 2006 was the year with the highest number of publications (n = 3). Two categories were listed for discussion: “Teaching Psychiatric Nursing undergraduate Nursing” and “Nursing Assistance to the Mentally Ill”. Conclusion: there was a need to review the process of training of nurses in order to enable them to assist the person in psychological distress according to what is proposed by the Psychiatric Reform. Descriptors: Nurses; Nursing Care; Mental Health; Mentally Disabled Persons; Psychiatry; Health Human Resource Training. Resumen Objetivo: analizar la evidencia científica sobre el papel del enfermero en ayudar a los usuarios con trastornos psíquicos. Método: este es un estudio bibliográfico, revisión integradora de literatura, en las bases de datos LILACS y BDENF y en la Biblioteca Virtual SciELO. Seleccionamos artículos científicos brasileños completos, publicados en portugués, publicados entre 2000 y 2017. Los resultados se analizaron descriptivamente. Resultados: se eligieron nueve artículos para estudiar, que trataron sobre el papel de las enfermeras en el cuidado de los usuarios con trastornos psicológicos, la mayoría (n = 4), son investigaciones exploratorias y descriptivas. Además, 2006 fue el año con el mayor número de publicaciones (n = 3). Se enumeraron dos categorías para el debate: "Enseñanza de la asignatura Enfermería Psiquiátrica en la graduación de Enfermería" y "Asistencia de Enfermería a los enfermos mentales". Conclusión: era necesario revisar el proceso de capacitación de los enfermeros para permitirles ayudar a la persona en sufrimiento psíquico de acuerdo con lo que propone la Reforma Psiquiátrica. Descriptores: Enfermeras y Enfermeros; Atención de Enfermería; Salud Mental; Personas con Discapacidad Mental; Psiquiatría; Capacitación de Recursos Humanos en Salud.

History of research involving mentally disabled persons - from exploitation through exclusion to appropriate inclusion

Introduction. The inability to protect their own interests makes mentally disabled subjects particularly vulnerable; they face an increased likelihood of being wronged or harmed in the context of research. Therefore, they are due to having extra protection and safeguarding. History of research misconduct and abuse of mentally ill patients. The 20th century abounds with examples of ethically inadmissible experiments conducted on decisionally impaired patients. The most infamous among them are surely the atrocities of the Nazi doctors, whose fraudulent ex?periments resulted in death of hundreds of thousands of imprisoned innocent and mentally ill individuals. Current and previous regulations and recommendations on research involving the mentally ill. Extreme use of potentially vulnerable mentally ill persons in research has led to a set of policies and practices for protection from exploitation and abuse of human research participants. While the regulations initially protected these vulnerable patients by prohibiting research including the mentally disabled, current guidelines propose appropriate safe?guarding so that they may be involved in appropriate research. Conclusion. Protection measures for the mentally disabled persons who are unable to consent to their involvement in research, by banning all biomedical research including the mentally ill are restrictive and unnecessary. Even if well-intended, such overprotection is discriminatory and implies that new treatments for conditions that directly affect the incapacitated subjects will not be developed. Providing that they are properly protected from unnecessary harms, appropriate inclusion of vulnerable mentally ill patients in research is necessary in order to meet their health needs in a safe manner.