DEFINITION OF THE INTRA QUARTER SPACES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS IN THE PLANNING STRUCTURE OF HISTORICAL CITIES

The article gives the definition of intra quarter spaces using the example of the historical city of Chernivtsi. The main functions of residential courtyards as elements of the urban planning structure are determined. To define the concept of «intra quarter space», we can turn to several foreign and domestic researchers, architects, city planners. For example, the theorist and architect A. Gutnov characterized the yard as a clearly fixed, closed space. Courtyards were connected by arches or through passages, forming a complex system of intra quarter spaces, which in some cases penetrated large areas of the city [3]. Architect R. Krier in his works on the morphology of urban space defined the interior spaces of historic quarters as protected from the weather and the environment of the territory, which became the appropriate symbols of the private sphere of life [12]. Summarizing all the above statements, we can give a general definition for «intra quarter spaces», that it is an independent, complex-functional structure that provides communication: the house – the courtyard – urban areas. Exploring the intra quarters of the city of Chernivtsi, we can identify the following functions of the courtyards: insulating function, which serves as protection against unplanned intrusion of «strangers» or vehicles into the yard; household function, which includes meeting the needs of residents of nearby houses; trade function, is the creation in the volumes of the first floors of various commercial premises; the function of communication, which plays a socio-psychological role of adaptation of residents to the urban environment; sanitary and hygienic function, including landscaping, the need for insolation, wind and snow protection of the courtyard, etc. aesthetic function that provides visual comfort from objects of small architectural forms, landscaping (lawns, flower beds), murals on empty walls, etc. game function and sports and health function.

Washing Linens

Laundry was the process by which the hygienic function of linen—as required by propriety and medicine—was regularly renewed. Chapter 9 surveys the process of washing linens (washing, bucking, drying, starching, ironing) and the tools and resources it required (water, boilers, soap, irons, clothes lines, etc). Inventories reveal which tools and materials for laundry early modern English people owned and in what spaces this work was done. Household accounts document the necessary consumables (soap and starch), how frequently and in what quantities these were purchased, and what these patterns tell us about laundry.

Modern aspects of disturbed land reclamation

The urgency of solving environmental problems of disturbed territories is obvious in connection with the accumulation of a huge amount of waste from mining and metallurgical industries, deposited in slime and tailings dumps, overburden dumps, slags and substandard raw materials. Environmental rehabilitation of such territories is determined by both the possible long-term existence of such objects and the prospect of their reuse. In this regard, the use of new geosynthetic materials, the most promising and effective method of restoring ecological characteristics of the areas of violations of land, based on the implementation of the principle of least possible scope of application of topsoil and vegetation established, carrying out sanitary-hygienic function, contributes to the improvement of the environment in the areas of enterprise functioning. The article presents the results of applied research on the reclamation of the horizon the shortage of topsoil, or when you use the fertile layer, exposed to long-term storage in dumps. And the planting of grass vegetation on the recultivated surface that corresponds to the regional nature of environmental optimization measures, taking into account zonal features, will ensure the creation of sod that stops the processes of deflation and water erosion.

Social forest functions of reclaimed spoil heaps in the Ostrava-Karvina district

The functional efficiency of forest stands planted on the heaps originated by black coal mining was resolved in the territory of the Moravian-Silesian region. The aim was to verify the possibility of applying the method of Quantification of Social Forest Functions for the purposes of evaluation of forest stands on anthropogenic substrates and the subsequent use of the method for quantification of social forest functions in the particular reclaimed localities. Potential functional capacities were evaluated as well as the current functional effect of the following functions: bioproduction, ecological, hydrological, soil-conservation, recreational and sanitary-hygienic on five afforested heaps of the Ostrava-Karvina coal-mining district. The obtained results were presented in tabular and graphic form. Based on the results, the highest potential capacity of the ex-amined stands to fulfil the sanitary-hygienic function was proved while their capacity to fulfil the recreational function was the lowest. The highest current functional effects were found for the hydrological function and the lowest effects for the bioproduction function.