Energy Reduction with Application of Shaft in Water Supply Systems

A Water Transmission Network (WTN) conveying raw water from a source to the Water Treatment Plant (WTP) is often pumped supply. Pumped supply-based networks have more energy consumption, water hammer, and high operation and maintenance compared to gravity systems. The present study reports the application of a Shaft in WTN for improving the efficiency of the pumping system. The Shaft is a hydraulic isolation structure based on a similar hydraulic principle as Break Pressure Tank (BPT). The benefits of using Shaft are quantified based on the two case studies from Maharashtra, India. The impact of Shaft on the WTN is reported using energy grade lines, energy performance indicators, and life cycle energy cost. In addition to the reduction in energy consumption, from the case studies, it is shown that the system’s carrying capacity could be increased by using the Shaft at an appropriate location in WTN. Overall, a Shaft provides operational flexibility to the operators, improving the efficiency of the system.

Droplet Size Analysis of Spray Nozzles

In this paper we present laboratory equipment for illustrating the operation of spraying nozzles. It is also suitable for studying the basic processes of spraying and for measuring and evaluating the methods used in the control of sprayers. The equipment allows the monitoring of the spray film formed by the nozzles, measuring the yield of the nozzle and determining the size of the droplets formed. In the dissertation, we explore the factors influencing the droplet size. We compare the average diameter of droplets formed by the three hydraulic principle nozzles. Based on the average droplet diameters, the operation of the spray nozzles is analyzed and conclusions are drawn.

Hydraulic Control System Design for XYZM Plate-and-Frame Filter Press

This paper introduces the working principle of XYZM Plate-and-frame Filter Press, illustrates the working process of the hydraulic control system by combining circuit and hydraulic principle diagram, and then gives out the checking analysis and the failure analysis on the hydraulic system. The application results show that our hydraulic control system can not only complete the automatic control well for the plate-and-frame filter press, but also keep the pressure stable and controllable, which improves the productivity and the system effectiveness.

Research about Hydraulic Cylinder Test Bench Based on PLC

A new type of hydraulic cylinder test bench is presented. Hydraulic technology, microelectronics technology, sensing detection technology, computer control and modern control theory are applied in the system. On the basis of hydraulic principle, the way of PLC’s usage is elaborated by the example. To increase the system’s automation, proportional valves are added.

Velopharyngeal Orifice Area: A Replication of Analog Experimentation

Warren and DuBois (1964) have proposed a modification of the Theoretical Hydraulic Principle and the Hydrokinetic Equation for use in predicting velopharyngeal orifice area. In the study reported here, the equation was subjected to further controlled model experimentation. The results of this experiment indicate that, given the pressure differential across the orifice and the rate of airflow through the orifice, the area of the orifice can be predicted with considerable accuracy, thus strongly supporting the use of the Hydrokinetic Equation for predicting velopharyngeal orifice area.

A New Type of Combined Airscrew Hub Dynamometer and Thrust Meter

From time to time attempts have been made to produce a dynamometer capable of measuring the power output of an aero-engine during flight at various atitudes. The type that has proved the most suitable up to date in flight tests is the Bendemann hub acting on the hydraulic principle which was originally designed in Germany. The principle has recently been tested in America with moderately satisfactory results, and experiments with a modified form of the apparatus are at present being conducted at the Royal Aircraft Establishment. The Bendemann hub and its accessories are somewhat complicated and are difficult to instal in a machine and to maintain in a serviceable condition, also the apparatus will not work properly at altitudes above 20,000 feet owing to increased viscosity of the working fluid at low temperatures.The apparatus described below is simpler in construction, lighter and more robust than the Bendemann hub, and should be capable of giving equally good results irrespective of altitude; moreover, the work of fitting it to a Service machine would not be great and would not necessitate the employment of specially skilled mechanics.

V. On the origin of windings of rivers in alluvial plains, with remarks on the flow of water round bends in pipes

In respect to the origin of the windings of rivers flowing through alluvial plains, people have usually taken the rough notion that when there is a bend in any way commenced, the water just rushes out against the outer bank of the river at the bend, and so washes that bank away, and allows deposition to occur on the inner bank, and thus makes the sinu­osity increase. But in this they overlook the hydraulic principle, not generally known, that a stream flowing along a straight channel and thence into a curve must flow with a diminished velocity along the outer bank, and an increased velocity along the inner bank, if we regard the low as that of a perfect fluid. In view of this principle, the question arose to me some years ago:— Why does not the inner bank wear away more than the outer one ? We know by general experience and obser­vation that in fact the outer one does wear away, and that deposits are often made along the inner one. How does this arise ? The explanation occurred to me in the year 1872, mainly as follows:—