Morphology of Cleaved Surface and Observation of In Situ Crack Propagation During Cleaving

In laser cleaving, the thermal stress caused by laser heating and water-jet cooling propagates previously induced cracks in the workpiece material. The laser-cleaving conditions affect the quality of the fracture surface, and therefore, elucidating the relationship between the cleaved surface, cleaving conditions, and crack propagation is essential. Against this backdrop, in this study, we investigated the morphology of the cleaved surface and visualized the crack propagation and stress in situ using a high-speed polarization camera. The distance between the glass edge and cleaved surface was varied. When the laser-cleavage line was close to the glass edge, twist hackles were formed on the cleaved surface. The area in which the twist hackles formed on the cleaved surface coincided with the lagging section of the crack front. Furthermore, the twist hackle reached the specimen surface, and the edge of the surface exhibited a sawtooth shape. Observations with the high-speed polarization camera revealed that the internal stress was asymmetric with respect to the crack when the twist hackles were formed.

Cleavage structure and the demise of a dominant party: The role of national identity in the fall of the KMT in Taiwan

The KMT’s electoral defeat in 2016 was not a case of a dominant party crashing to defeat due to mismanaging its factions or ineptly allocating state resources. This article illustrates a third path by which dominant parties can lose power. The KMT lost because the underlying cleavage structure slowly shifted and eroded the KMT’s political foundations over a quarter century. Indeed, the KMT had ceased to be a dominant party long before 2016; that election was merely a particularly dramatic step in what was actually a long decline. Taiwan has a single dominant political cleavage defined by national identity. Since the early 1990s, exclusive Taiwanese identity has gradually increased and eventually replaced both Taiwanese and Chinese identity as the majority disposition. As the cleavage line gradually shifted, the KMT tried to develop other appeals, but these were only successful as long as they did not directly clash with the dominant national identity cleavage.

RELIGION AS A MARKER FOR ETHNIC GROUPS IN CONFLICT AND OF POLITICAL NATIONAL CONFLICTS

The links between religion and ethnic and/or political dividing lines has manifested itself in many different ways in contemporary conflicts. In this paper I present briefly the following two forms: religion as a cleavage line of groups in ethno-religious confrontations: struggles between Catholics, Orthodox and Muslims in the Balkans; of Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland; of Sunni and Shia and Iraq; of Buddhists and Hindus in Sri Lanka; of Muslims and Catholics in Indonesia; and religion as a mechanism for legitimizing power in the form of State Religions: National-Catholicism in Francoism, which is likely to generate the formation of the internal religious enemy.

Race, Class, Religion and the Southern Party System: A Field Report from Dixie

The purpose of this essay is to provide a contemporary examination of the political party system in the Southern US. In doing so, an assessment is undertaken to determine which cleavage line – race, class, or religion – does the best job of explaining the division between Republicans and Democrats in the region. Using survey research data from the 2012 Cooperative Congressional Election Study three multivariate models are employed to study partisan affiliation, presidential voting, and voting in US Senate elections. The results indicate that race, especially the Black-White dichotomy, is the largest dividing line between the Republican and Democratic Parties in the region. In fact, in terms of party identification race dwarfs the effects of religion and class. As related to presidential and Senate voting behavior race continues to exert a significant influence, even after controlling for partisan identification. Conversely, class and religion produced minimal or no effects in models of vote choice. In conclusion, it would appear that the contemporary Southern political landscape, like its predecessor, continues to be defined by racial divisions.

Studies on the Tenerffiidae (Acari : Anystoidea). II. A review of the genus Austroteneriffia

The genus Austroteneriffia Womersley is removed from synonymy with Parateneriffia Thor and redefined. Austroteneriffia hirsti Womersley, the type species, is redescribed and a second South Australian species, A. leei, sp. nov., is described. Three species are transferred to Austroteneriffia from Neoteneriffiola Hirst: A. hojoensis (Shiba & Furukawa, 1975), comb. nov., A. japonica (Ehara, 1965), comb. nov., and A. tadjikistanica (Wainstein, 1969), comb. nov. A key to the species of Austroteneriffia is given. The Argentinian species Austroteneriffia andrei Besch, 1962, is regarded as a species inquirenda. The unique occurrence of a genual k″ on leg I of the holotype of A. leei, sp. nov., is regarded as an atavistic reversal, this seta having been secondarily lost in other Teneriffiidae. The chevron-like arrangement of cuticular striae, running from the naso to above coxa II/III in Teneriffiidae, is interpreted as a permanent, ecdysial cleavage-line of the prodehiscent type. The Rhagininae (nom. emend., pro Rhaginae) Womersley, 1935, originally considered to be a subfamily of the Teneriffiidae, is explicitly recognised as a junior subjective synonym of Pseudocheylidae Oudemans, 1909. Rhagina Womersley, 1935 (currently a junior subjective synonym of Anoplocheylus Berlese) is a junior homonym of Rhagina Malloch, 1932 (Diptera).