Polyphenol Containing Sorghum Brans Exhibit an Anti-Cancer Effect in Apc Min/+ Mice Treated with Dextran Sodium Sulfate

Colon cancer (CC) is considered a high-risk cancer in developed countries. Its etiology is correlated with a high consumption of red meat and low consumption of plant-based foods, including whole grains. Sorghum bran is rich in polyphenols. This study aimed to determine whether different high-phenolic sorghum brans suppress tumor formation in a genetic CC rodent model and elucidate mechanisms. Tissue culture experiments used colorectal cancer cell lines SW480, HCT-116 and Caco-2 and measured protein expression, and protein activity. The animal model used in this study was APC Min+/mouse model combined with dextram sodium sulfate. High phenolic sorghum bran extract treatment resulted in the inhibition of proliferation and induced apoptosis in CC cell lines. Treatment with high phenolic sorghum bran extracts repressed TNF-α-stimulated NF-κB transactivation and IGF-1-stimulated PI3K/AKT pathway via the downregulation of β-catenin transactivation. Furthermore, high-phenolic sorghum bran extracts activated AMPK and autophagy. Feeding with high-phenolic sorghum bran for 6 weeks significantly suppressed tumor formation in an APC Min/+ dextran sodium sulfate promoted CC mouse model. Our data demonstrates the potential application of high-phenolic sorghum bran as a functional food for the prevention of CC.

Characterization of anthocyanin from red sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) bran by liquid chromatography-electron spray ionization mass spectrometry analysis

In the present study, anthocyanin pigments from red sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor) bran were identified and characterized by Liquid Chromatography-Electron Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. The individual anthocyanins were identified by comparing their mass spectrometric data and retention times, published data. 3-deoxyanthocyanidins and methyl 3-deoxyanthocyanidins were identified in red sorghum bran. This paper presents complete LCMS profile and MS spectrometric data of red sorghum bran.

Effect of a Novel High Phenolic Sorghum Bran (PI570481) on Lipid Accumulation in 3T3-L1 Cells

Objectives Obesity is the leading public health problem and the main cause of many other metabolic and chronic complications. Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal crop in the world and certain varieties contain significantly greater amounts of biologically active phenolic compounds than other strains. PI570481 is a novel strain of high phenolic sorghum bran and show anti-cancer activities. The objective of this study is to explore a potential use of PI570481 with other phenolic sorghum bran extracts (SC84 and Sumac) and a sorghum grain (white sorghum) for the differentiation of preadipocytes and to investigate cellular and molecular responses in differentiated adipocytes to elucidate related mechanisms. Methods 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were cultured with DMEM containing 10% FBS and differentiated using a differentiation cocktail containing 1 μM dexamethasone, 0.5 mM isobutylmethylxanthine, and 5 μg/mL insulin in 10% FBS/DMEM. Lipid accumulation was measured by Oil Red O (ORO) staining. Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glucose uptake were measured using DCFH-DA and 2-NBDG, respectively. Western blotting was performed to examine the expression of genes regulating adipogenesis, lipogenesis and cell signaling. Results Sorghum extracts (PI570481, SC84, Sumac, white) did not cause cytotoxicity in both undifferentiated and differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. Sorghum bran extracts (PI570481, SC84, Sumac) reduced intracellular lipid accumulation and expression of adipogenic and lipogenic proteins in dose-dependent manner in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. Regarding anti-adipogenic mechanism, sorghum bran extracts (PI570481, SC84, Sumac) represses ROS production and MAPK signaling pathways in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. Sorghum bran extracts (PI570481, SC84, Sumac) also represses insulin signaling and glucose uptake in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. Conclusions These data propose a potential use of a novel high phenolic sorghum bran as functional food. Funding Sources Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station (MAES) and National Institute of Food and Agriculture (Project #: MD-NFSC-201,176) to S-HL Cooperative Agreement grant from USDA-ARS to S-HL.

Effects of Two Isolated Compounds from Red Sorghum Bran on p53 and bcl 2 Gene Expression in Human Breast cancer Cell Line (MCF-7)

Aims: The aim of our research was to isolate anthocyanin from red sorghum bran and to study its effects on p53 and bcl 2 gene expressions in Human Breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). Main methods: Two compounds were isolated from red sorghum bran by using Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. The antiproliferative activity of isolated compounds were analysed by MTT assay and the expression studies were performed by RT-PCR analysis.Key findings: Our research focusing on apigenin-5-β-D-glucopyranoside and luteolin-5-β-D-glucopyranoside another compound as a potention anticancer agent have demonstrated that the compounds isolated from red sorghum bran inhibited breast cancer cell lines by up regulation of P53 gene expression and down regulation of Bcl 2 gene expression. Significance: In conclusion, the two compounds isolated from red sorghum bran, were effective in up regulation of P53 and down regulation of Bcl 2 gene expression.

Solvent Dependency of Sorghum Bran Phytochemicals Acting as Potential Antioxidants and Antibacterial Agents

Research background. Sorghum bran, although considered as an agricultural waste, is an abundant source of various bioactive compounds. These bioactive compounds are specific to extraction with particular solvents and therefore ionic liquid and three different conventional solvents, viz., anhydrous methanol, acidified methanol and water were employed in this work. Experimental approach. To evaluate the phytochemicals in the different sorghum bran extracts, total phenol content, flavonoids, condensed tannins and anthocyanins were determined as per standard protocols. LC/MS/MS analysis of extracts was also performed for their phenolic profiling. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was estimated via three assays: DPPH, ABTS and CUPRAC. The antibacterial activity against two most opportunistic food borne pathogens: Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were measured by agar well diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by serial dilution method. Results and conclusions. Following similar process of extraction, ionic liquid extract of sorghum bran exhibited highest yield (14.9±0.7 %) which indicated to the various possible interactions like Van der Waals forces, H-bonding, hydrophobic and cation-π which ionic liquid can offer in contrast to other conventional solvents, though total phenol content was observed to be only (7.41±0.73 mg GAE/g sample dry weight (DW)). The hydrophobicity of the ionic liquid also helped in efficient extraction of condensed tannins (63.15±2.13 mg CE /g sample DW) which resulted in significant antioxidant activity of the ionic liquid extract (DPPH: 85.22±1.21 µmol/g sample DW; ABTS: 100.75±0.93 µmol/g sample DW; CUPRAC: 63.24±1.86 µmol/g sample DW). An interesting revelation reported in this work is the inability of DPPH assay to evaluate antioxidant activity in acidic environment. The anhydrous methanolic extract of sorghum bran displayed pH sensitivity making the extract beneficial for certain applications. Qualitative analysis of extracts revealed greater number of phenolic compounds to be present in methanol and distilled water extracts. Moreover, various derivatives of apigenin and luteolin were also observed in all the four extracts. In addition, the acidified methanol extract of the sorghum bran exhibited antimicrobial property at a concentration of 12 mg/mL. A larger inhibition zone was observed against Escherichia coli in comparison to Staphylococcus aureus while the MIC against these two bacteria was found to be 2.2 and 1.1 mg/mL, respectively. Novelty and scientific contribution. This paper presents the first information on the application of ionic liquids as extracting phase for sorghum bran polyphenols and the quantification of such extracts. As evident from the study, each solvent has its own role in extraction of bioactive compounds. This work also proves that sorghum bran imparts antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogens.

Anticancer Activity of a Novel High Phenolic Sorghum Bran in Human Colon Cancer Cells

Human colon cancer is the third leading cause of mortality in the United States and worldwide. Chemoprevention using diet is widely accepted as a promising approach for cancer management. Numerous population studies indicate a negative correlation between the incidence of colon cancer and consumption of whole grains with a high content of bioactive phenolic compounds. In the current study, we evaluated the anticancer properties of a high phenolic sorghum bran extract prepared using 70% ethanol with 5% citric acid solvent at room temperature. A significant dose-dependent suppression of cell proliferation was observed in human colon cancer cells treated with the high phenolic sorghum bran extract. Apoptosis and S phase growth arrest were induced, while cell migration and invasion were inhibited by this treatment; these effects were accompanied by altered expression of apoptosis, cell cycle, and metastasis-regulating genes. We also found that the high phenolic sorghum bran extract stimulated DNA damage in association with induction of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and subsequent expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3). The present study expands our understanding of the potential use of high phenolic sorghum bran to prevent human colon cancer.