Fonologi Bahasa Minangkabau Isolek Sikucur

Minangkabau language is one of the regional languages ​​in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to determine the sounds, phonemes and their distributions in Minangkabau language of Sikucur isolect. The observation and interview methods were used to obtain data. During the interview, the results of the interview were recorded and phonetic transcription was made based on IPA chart. Furthermore, the method used to analyze the data was a phonetic articulator matching method. The data that had been collected was classified according to sound pairs that were phonetically similar. The results showed that there were 30 phonemes found. There were five vowels: /i/, /e/. /a/, /u/, and /o/. Each vowel had an allophone, namely [i~ɪ], [e~ɛ], [a~ʌ], [u~ʊ], dan [o~ɔ]. There were seven diphthongs: /aw/, /ay/, /uy/, /ua/ with allophones [ua~ue], /ia/ with allophones [ia~ie], /oy/, and /ea/. Finally, there were eighteen consonants: /p/, /b/, /m/, /t/, /d/, /n/, /l/, /ʀ/, /s/, /c/, /j/ , /ɲ/, /k/, /g/, /ŋ/, /h/, /w/, and /y/. The sound [ʔ] was the realization of /k/ when it was at the end of the closing syllable. Furthermore, [ʀ] and [r] were free variations and did not differentiate in meaning.

Graphic presentation of dialect-ethnographic texts of Western Polissia

Western Polessia is a region divided after World War II by the state borders between Ukraine, Belarus and Poland. This was reflected not only in the languages of education, the general cultural background, but also, in particular, on the principles of presentation of dialectethnographic texts. When compiling and editing the volume “Ethnographic Image of Ukrainians Abroad. Corpus of expeditionary folklore and ethnographic materials” (part 1, 2019), we encountered different graphic design of dialectal and ethnographic texts of Western Polissia in publications from different countries. The volume contains texts from the territory of Brest region (Belarus) and Northern Podlasie (Poland), recorded by the staff of the Rylsky Institute of Art Studies, Folklore and Ethnology, as well as kindly provided by other researchers’ published and unpublished materials, collected since the early 1970s. As this volume is adjacent to the 10-volume collection of field materials “Ethnographic Image of Ukraine”, it became necessary to unify the graphic presentation of Western Polissia texts from different regions and different scientific schools. The developed algorithms for metagraphing of texts from the phonetic transcription of AUM and the special system of F. Klimchuk made it possible to present them in a unified and accessible way for non-philological readers. This emphasizes the unity of the Western Polissian dialect and the cultural continuum.

Ciri-ciri akustik tuturan gagap: Kajian fonetik akustik

This study aims to formulate the acoustic characteristics of stuttering speech through the acoustic phonetic approach. The parameters used to determine the acoustic characteristics of stuttering speech are the duration of speech and silence, the speech tone contours, and the intensity contours of the speech. The data used in this research is a documentary data taken from the website www.youtube.com. The research data is in the form of stuttering speech with phonetic transcription [bəbəbəp bəbəp bəbəbəp bəlaki]. The data were analyzed using Praat 1.6.26 software. The results show that the analyzed stuttering speech has some acoustic characteristics as follows: (1) it has a different duration per sound segment and tends to increase in the last sound segment which is influenced by the length of the lexical strands and the slow movement of the speakers articulator; (2) it has silences with varying duration between one sound segment and another, which indicates that a stuttering speech is spoken haltingly and often stops suddenly; (3) it has a fairly flat tone contour in the first, second, and third segments, and has a significant increase in tone contour in the last sound segment; and (4) it is spoken louder in the last sound segment compared to the previous sound segment which is characterized by a high increase in sound intensity in the last sound segment.

French proper nouns in the Czech press of the XVIIIth century

Václav Matěj Kramerius (1753-1808) was a Czech publisher, writer, playwright and journalist, founder of modern Czech journalism. His newspaper, named Krameriusovy c. k. vlastenecké noviny (Kramerius' ImperialRoyal Patriotic Newspaper), published since 1789, focused mainly on enlightenment of the common people, on national emancipation. Their main sections included official notices, announcements, foreign and domestic news, literature and theater news. One of the most important news were reports of revolutionary events in France at the end of the XVIIIth century (Great French Revolution). The subject of this article is an analysis of the transcription method of French proper nouns in this Czech newspaper published by Kramerius. In order to simplify the reading of foreign names and place names, Kramerius tried to approximate their pronunciation as much as possible using the spelling system of the Czech language of his time. He used different ways such as phonetic transcription using Czech letters, changing or omitting French diacritics, using Czech diacritics (e.g., vowel length), changing the order of letters, omitting letters. Some proper nouns remain indeclinable, others are declinated according to their classification into declination types. Kramer's transcription also informs us about the pronunciation of French at that time, e.g., soft l /λ/ is still in use, /wɛ/ is already pronounced as /wa/. Kramerius' newspaper is not only an important historical testimony of its time, but also provides valuable insights into the development of the Czech language.

PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF BANGKA MALAY LANGUAGE, TOBOALI DIALECT, IN SOUTH BANGKA REGENCY

The factors that led to the extinction of a regional language dialect are the absence of inputting the vocabulary into a dictionary, recording the phonological system to academic articles, and the absence of language enthusiasts or linguists who want to maintain the existence of a dialect in a community. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the phonological system in the Toboali dialect as the variant of the Malay language in the South Bangka Regency. The research is triggered by the decreasing use of regional languages in society and it purports to identify and describe the phonological system of the Toboali dialect. To do that, this study uses a qualitative method in which the researchers firstly collected data, then analyzed and classified the data, and finally drew a conclusion. The Swadesh list which consists of 250 vocabularies was utilized during the interview. The researchers obtained the Toboali dialect words by gesturing or pointing to objects and images so the informants were able to pronounce the words and then the phonetic transcription could be written. Thus, the data obtained are accurate because the language obtained was not delivered in Indonesian but is purely pronounced in the Toboali dialect. The results of this study indicate that there are 7 vowels: [?], [e], [o], [i], [?], [?], [a] and 19 consonants are found in the Toboali dialect: [b], [c], [d], [f], [g], [h], [j], [k], [l], [m], [n], [p], [r], [s], [t], [w], [y], [z], and [?].

Field, Ears, and Laboratory: Training Language Scholars, 1920–1940

This chapter continues the time frame of Chapter 8 through the first half of the twentieth century, an important period in which linguistics and phonetics gained their own identities. The editors and contributors of this volume have chosen to examine an area of study over two successive periods: the late nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century. This aims to show that a discipline may go through transformations, sometimes branching into new disciplines, and that methods and instruments of training contribute to the formation or consolidation of new disciplines. The first half of the twentieth century saw the breakaway of language sciences (linguistics and phonetics) from philology. Although language scholars usually received substantial training in philology, especially comparative philology (known as comparative grammar in France), they took up new methods in training the next generation. In the United States, the new instrument of training was fieldwork, adopted for unwritten American Indian languages. In Britain, it was phonetic transcription by ears and hands. The use of the kymograph in phonetic laboratories began in France and spread elsewhere. This chapter begins with Fang-Kuei Li, who was likely the first student to receive advance (or on-site) fieldwork training for doctoral work in language studies and who went on to become a pioneering linguist in China. It then compares the training of language scholars in Britain, France, and Germany. This comparison sheds light on the diversity of approaches to language studies and their training methods, and on the intellectual and technological realities conditioning the formation of linguistics and phonetics as autonomous disciplines.