Applications of Ionic Liquids in Whole-Cell and Isolated Enzyme Biocatalysis

Ionic liquids have unique chemical properties that have fascinated scientists in many fields. The effects of adding ionic liquids to biocatalysts are many and varied. The uses of ionic liquids in biocatalysis include improved separations and phase behaviour, reduction in toxicity, and stabilization of protein structures. As the ionic liquid state of the art has progressed, concepts of what can be achieved in biocatalysis using ionic liquids have evolved and more beneficial effects have been discovered. In this review ionic liquids for whole-cell and isolated enzyme biocatalysis will be discussed with an emphasis on the latest developments, and a look to the future.

Optimizing the catalytic activities of methanol and thermotolerant Kocuria flava lipases for biodiesel production from cooking oil wastes

In this study, two highly thermotolerant and methanol-tolerant lipase-producing bacteria were isolated from cooking oil and they exhibited a high number of catalytic lipase activities recording 18.65 ± 0.68 U/mL and 13.14 ± 0.03 U/mL, respectively. Bacterial isolates were identified according to phenotypic and genotypic 16S rRNA characterization as Kocuria flava ASU5 (MT919305) and Bacillus circulans ASU11 (MT919306). Lipases produced from Kocuria flava ASU5 showed the highest methanol tolerance, recording 98.4% relative activity as well as exhibited high thermostability and alkaline stability. Under the optimum conditions obtained from 3D plots of response surface methodology design, the Kocuria flava ASU5 biocatalyst exhibited an 83.08% yield of biodiesel at optimized reaction variables of, 60 ○C, pH value 8 and 1:2 oil/alcohol molar ratios in the reaction mixture. As well as, the obtained results showed the interactions of temperature/methanol were significant effects, whereas this was not noted in the case of temperature/pH and pH/methanol interactions. The obtained amount of biodiesel from cooking oil was 83.08%, which was analyzed by a GC/Ms profile. The produced biodiesel was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) approaches showing an absorption band at 1743 cm−1, which is recognized for its absorption in the carbonyl group (C=O) which is characteristic of ester absorption. The energy content generated from biodiesel synthesized was estimated as 12,628.5 kJ/mol. Consequently, Kocuria flava MT919305 may provide promising thermostable, methanol-tolerant lipases, which may improve the economic feasibility and biotechnology of enzyme biocatalysis in the synthesis of value-added green chemicals.

ENZYME BIOCATALYSIS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS

The factor that makes enzyme biocatalysts for organic synthesis both fascinating and challenging from a scientific standpoint is the field's higher interdisciplinarity, and which necessitates expertise from a wide range of disciplines, including microbiology, organic synthesis, molecular biology, genetics, and reaction engineering. Enzymes can now carry out a wide variety of organic reactions, including hydrolytic reactions, redox reactions, and C-C bond formations, with higher performance. Enzyme catalysis has also evolved into a widely used manufacturing technology in the chemical industry, especially in the fields of fine organic chemicals and pharmaceuticals. More advances in molecular modeling for enzyme-catalysis syntheses are expected, allowing for a greater number of biocatalytic techniques based on the enzymes that have been optimized or engineered by rationalized protein engineering. The organic chemists mostly have successfully used these custom-made biocatalysts (the isolated pure enzymes, the recombinant genetically modified microorganisms, also known as the designer cells), an important milestone in the enzyme catalysis process in organic synthesis is into generally accepted synthetic technology for academia as well as industries.

One-pot Synthesis of Enzyme@Metal-Organic Materials (MOM) Biocomposites for Enzyme Biocatalysis

Metal-Organic Frameworks/Materials (MOFs/MOMs) are advanced enzyme immobilization platforms that improve biocatalysis, materials science, and protein biophysics. A unique way to immobilize enzymes is co-crystallization/co-precipitation, which removes the limitation on enzyme/substrate...

Bioremediation

Pollution is the biggest menace to the living being in this planet today. Enzyme bioremediation is a “breakthrough technology” that holds the potential of pollutant eradication through exploiting the enzyme potential by using the various techniques. Enzyme biocatalysis is referred as white biotechnology and work by green chemistry concept. Moreover, developments in the design and application of enzyme cocktails, mutienzyme complexes, promiscuous enzymes and protein families (cupin and VOC superfamily) has recently emerged a new opportunity in bioremediation. The implementation of various enzyme modification approaches intended for potential bioremediation has been done by adopting enzyme immobilization using magnetic nanoparticles, designer enzymes generation through enzyme engineering, nano-technological advancement for single enzyme nanoparticle generations, electro-bioremediation and carbon nanotube construction. Hence, enzyme bioremediation have greater positive effects and propose significant promise to pollutant bioremediation. In conclusion, the enzymatic bioremediation open the new era of pollutant eradication for clean, safe and green environment.