An Updated Review on Nanomaterials for Biomedical Advancements: Concepts and Applications

The sphere of Nanotechnology encompasses most of our lives and houses biomedicine and biomedical advancements. Nanoparticles owing to their minuscule sizes and due to various physicochemical and electrical properties have been exploited in pharmaceutical industries, agriculture, packaging, cosmetic, food industries. Nanomedicine is a laboratory-designed molecular-level pharmaceutical material that has revolutionized diagnostic techniques and therapeutics. Nanoscience and nanotechnology and their wide applications have become spread field worldwide because nanomaterials have novel and unique properties. Nanotechnology involves understanding and manipulating materials normally in the size range of 1 to 100 nm, where they show completely novel physicochemical properties from their bulk counterpart. The capacity to study compounds at the molecular level has aided the hunt for materials with exceptional qualities for medical applications. Nanotechnology in recent days is applied in the designing of nano biosensors. Nanobiosensors are biological molecules immobilized onto the surface of a signal transducer. The application of nano biosensors in the field of disease detection has increased in recent years which has influenced in research of cancer and biosensing. Due to the high surface area of nanoparticles, they are important in the production of nano biosensors with high levels of sensitivity and diminish the response times. However, a comprehensive review regarding the type, mode of function, and their application in various diseases is missing. Nano Deterministic lateral displacement technology that provided exosome splitting based on size differences has resulted in providing the much-needed boost to cancer research. The time taken for cancer screening has been reduced drastically. that This review aims to describe the utilization of nano deterministic lateral displacement technology, nano biosensors, and their applications in certain disease diagnoses.

Large Particle Separation From Non-Newtonian Slurries Using Bump Arrays

Here we evaluate the performance of bump arrays to separate large particles from non-Newtonian slurries with Bingham and Cross rheology. Bump arrays in deterministic lateral displacement devices separate large particles from small particles using arrays of staggered posts. Large particles, defined as those with radii larger than the distance between the edge of a post and the stagnation streamline from the next downstream post, must bump toward one side of the device, whereas particles smaller than this distance slalom from entrance to exit without net lateral displacement. Although these devices have been used to separate a wide variety of large particles from blood cells to sand, partition of large particles from non-Newtonian fluids remains unexplored. Yet, an important set of modestly concentrated slurries, including Hanford nuclear waste, displays non-Newtonian rheology. Here we evaluate the influence of non-Newtonian rheology on the large-small particle size cutoff in bump arrays using a model that explores the influence of yield stresses, ratios of zero and infinite shear viscosities, and Cross’s exponent under strictly laminar well-developed conditions. Surprisingly, we find that viscosity ratios and Cross’s exponent make no significant difference on the particle cutoffs between large particles that bump and small particles that slalom around the posts from entrance to exit. In contrast, we find that yield stresses do significantly affect the size cutoff. As the yield stress increases, velocity profiles become more plug like lowering the size cutoff. For nuclear waste separations where removing large particles is a priority, increasing yield stresses is conservative.