Against complementizers

In this paper we investigate the syntax of complement clauses in some Romance and Germanic languages by focusing on word order asymmetries and extraction phenomena. We argue that complement clauses are relative clauses, as proposed in Manzini & Savoia (2003, 2011) and Kayne (2010). However, differently from the previous proposals, we claim that as in relative clauses (see Poletto & Sanfelici 2018a), the ‘complementizer’ partially spells out either the nominal element internal to the relative/complement clause, resulting thus into a raising derivation of the relative/complement clause, or the external nominal modified by the relative/complement clause itself, leading to a matching derivation. This difference in the raising vs. matching derivation accounts for a series of well-known asymmetries between some Romance and Germanic languages. In addition, we show that this proposal may be suitable to derive the different extraction patterns exhibited in ‘traditional’ relative clauses and complement clauses.

The on-line emergence of Hebrew insubordinate she- (‘that/which/who’) clauses

This study examines the on-line emergence of insubordinate clauses in Hebrew conversation as constrained by local interactional contingencies, questioning traditional notions of grammatical ‘subordination’ and contributing to conceptions of grammar as a locally sensitive, temporally unfolding resource for social interaction. The clauses examined are syntactically unintegrated (unembedded in any matrix clause), or loosely-integrated (cannot be viewed unambiguously as constituting a relative, complement, or adverbial clause), yet they all begin with she- – the general ‘subordinating conjunction’ in traditional Modern Hebrew grammar. All 102 insubordinate she- clauses found throughout a 5.5 hour audio-recorded corpus were classified according to their discourse function: modal, elaborative, or evaluative/epistemic. Leaving aside the modal type, the remaining insubordinate she- clauses (N = 70, 69%) are shown to emerge on-line while speakers are busy performing a variety of tasks and responding to local interactional contingencies. In all of these cases she- functions as a generic ‘wildcard’ tying back to immediately prior discourse and projecting an elaboration/evaluation of it, in either same- or other-speaker talk. The findings concerning insubordinate clauses suggest a usage-based perspective also on canonical subordinate clauses, positioning canonical and syntactically unintegrated clauses at two ends of a continuum.

Uralic Languages

All but three of the thirty-nine Uralic languages are endangered, most of them seriously so; of the family’s ten main branches, only two have members considered safe (Finnish and Estonian of the Fennic branch, plus Hungarian). This chapter surveys a selection of phonological, morphological, and syntactic features of the Uralic languages; the emphasis is on presenting aspects that are usually ignored, oversimplified, or misrepresented. Among the topics broached are vowel harmony; consonant gradation, which in the Uralic context is of four distinct kinds, three of them quite old; less-than-agglutinative (i.e. fairly fusional features of several languages); problems of phonological reconstruction; the inflection of personal pronouns; person marking on nouns and Subject, Agent, and Object marking on verbs; and kinds of relative, complement, and support clauses.

AN APPLICATION OF SOFT SET IN DECISION MAKING

In this paper, the definition of soft set and a detailed theoretical study of basic operations of soft sets such as intersection, extended intersection, restricted intersection, union, restricted union, complement and relative complement, Null and universal soft set are given. With the aid of definition of AND operation of soft sets and tabular representation of soft set, we are able to show that soft set has vital and real life application in decision making. The main aim of this paper is to use the concept of AND operation to sort out two best candidates out of five applicants in an interview conducted by a certain bank. Also the identification of Idempotent Property of “AND” and “OR” operation of soft sets is given and proved.

On Possibility Interval-Valued Fuzzy Soft Sets

Soft set theory, initiated by Molodtsov, can be used as a new mathematical tool for dealing with imprecise, vague, and uncertain problems. In this paper, the concepts of two types of possibil­ity interval-valued fuzzy soft sets are proposed. Their operations and basic properties are studied which are subset, equal, relative complement, union, intersection, restricted union, extended intersection, “AND”, “OR” and De Morgan Laws. Furthermore, an application of the new approach in decision making based on possibility interval-valued fuzzy soft set is illustrated.

Pure Baer injective modules

In this paper we generalize the notion of pure injectivity of modules by introducing what we call a pure Baer injective module. Some properties and some characterization of such modules are established. We also introduce two notions closely related to pure Baer injectivity; namely, the notions of a∑-pure Baer injective module and that of SSBI-ring. A ringRis an SSBI-ring if and only if every smisimpleR-module is pure Baer injective. To investigate such algebraic structures we had to define what we callp-essential extension modules, pure relative complement submodules, left pure hereditary rings and some other related notions. The basic properties of these concepts and their interrelationships are explored, and are further related to the notions of pure split modules.