Rational and Sustainable Water Resource Management in the Ptolemais Lignite Basin Using Remotely Sensed Data

Future investment feasibility studies concerning post-mining repurposing utilities and economic transitions should focus on regional water resource management and the hydraulic protection of any utilities. Satellite images in different bands and Digital Elevation Models (DEM) of the Ptolemais basin were processed, leading to a more accurate estimation of the runoff ratio and percolation ratio. Furthermore, the saturated and unsaturated areas were delineated, leading to the recognition of potential artificial ground water recharge zones and zones where appropriate hydraulic protection measures are necessary.

Identification of groundwater recharge potential zones in a study region of South Kerala

Groundwater is considered as a precious natural resource which serves as the main source of agriculture and domestic purposes. Kerala state is blessed with around 3000mm rainfall annually because of two prominent monsoon. But the available water is insufficient to meet the demand of people. Increase in population and water demand cause threat to overall water balance. Ground water resource must be managed well to overcome these problems. Ground water recharging is a major requirement for sustainable utilization of water resources. It also becomes highly relevant to assess the water recharge zones and to preserve water quality. This study proposes identification of suitable water recharge sites in Karamana river basin, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Karamana river supplies majority of drinking water in Thiruvananthapuram district. Since its quality is deteriorating day by day, appropriate locations for recharging groundwater is identified using GIS technique. Various thematic maps like soil, slope, drainage, geomorphology and land utilization that affect the groundwater recharge is integrated and weighted overlay analysis is adopted to find the groundwater recharge potential map. Weights are assigned using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) by constructing a pairwise comparison matrix. The result depicts the groundwater recharge potential zones which is divided into very high, high, moderate, low and very low potential areas.

Solving One Dimensional Ground Water Recharge Through Porous Media Using Elzaki Transform

In this paper, we have discussed the application of Elzaki Transform for finding the solution of One-Dimensional Ground Water Recharge through porous media. In this work, we present a reliable combination of Elaki transform and Adomian Decomposition method. The proposed method introduces Adomian polynomials and the nonlinear terms can be handled by the use of this polynomials easily. The Elaki Decomposition Method is used to solve the particular problem. The purpose of this method is to extend the application of Elzaki Decomposition Method. The proposed method worked perfectly to find the One-Dimensional Ground Water Recharge through porous media problem. We obtain numerical solution and graphical representation.

SPAD index and leaf pigments in cauliflower in different water conditions and silicon fertilization

The measurement of leaf pigments using non-destructive methods can be influenced by water management conditions and the use of nutrients in cauliflower, not showing adequate correlations with chlorophyll contents. The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the SPAD index and the pigment content in cauliflower leaves managed with different water conditions and the application of silicon (Si). The cultivation was carried out in a protected environment in the city of Maringá, Paraná State from October 2019 to March 2020. It was adopted a randomized block design, with treatments in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme, with three levels of water recharge (40; 70 and 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc)) and four doses of Si (0; 50; 100 and 150 kg ha-1), with four replications. Once plants showed developed inflorescence, the SPAD index was determined in the field and the levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids in the laboratory using leaves from the upper third. The correlation between water recharge and Si fertilization on the SPAD index was determined. The proportion of carotenoids in relation to total pigments was compared under different conditions. Correlation analysis was performed considering silicon fertilization, water recharge, leaf pigments, and the SPAD index. Silicon fertilization reduced the levels of carotenoids in addition to being related to chlorophyll a (100% of ETc) and chlorophyll b (70% of ETc). The correlation of the SPAD index with pigments is variable with the water condition of the crop, in a condition without water deficit, it is related to chlorophyll a and in a condition of 70% replacement of ETc, it is correlated with chlorophyll b.

Rainfall-Runoff Simulation Using HEC-HMS Model in the Benanain Watershed, Timor Island

Floods in a watershed area are caused by reduced water recharge due to changes in land use, increasing their discharge volume. Benanain watershed is an extensive area with many tributaries. Watershed morphometrics provides initial information about the hydrological behavior and the hydrograph shape of flooding in these areas. Furthermore, rainfall-runoff modeling uses as a unit to approach the hydrological values of the flooding process. This study determines the physical characteristics of the Benanain watershed based on curve number (CN) values, land cover, peak discharge, and peak time. It was conducted on the Benanain watershed with 29 sub-watersheds covering 3,181.521 km2. Data were collected on the rainfall experienced for 13 years from 1996 to 2008 and analyzed using the Log Pearson Type III method, while the HEC HMS model was used for flood discharge analysis. HEC-HMS model must calibrate by adjusting the model parameter values until the model results match historical data such as initial abstraction, lag time, recession, baseflow values, and curve number. The results show that the curve number values range from 56.55 - 73.90, comprising secondary dryland forest and shrubs. Moreover, the rock lithology in the Benanain watershed is dominated by scaly clay and other rock blocks. This means the area has low to very low permeability, which affects the volume of runoff. The return period of a 1000-year flood discharge obtained a peak of 5,794.50 m3/s, with a peak time of ± 14 hours. Morphometry of the Temef watershed with large catchment, radial shape pattern, an average of steep slope river, and meandering affects the peak of flood discharge hydrograph and the peak time of the flood.

Karst groundwater vulnerability assessment: application of an integrative index-based approach to main catchments of middle Valseriana springs (Northern Italy)

The study aim was to assess the intrinsic vulnerability of the middle Valseriana (northern Italy) through a methodology that could fully consider the peculiar characteristics of the Pre-Alps region. After applying classical methods for karst environments (COP and EPIK), the integrative COPA+K method was developed for the Nossana (dominant drainage system) and Ponte del Costone (dispersive circulation system) spring catchments. The COPA+K approach exploits the potential of the COP method with the addition of two factors: the influence of the main discontinuities on the water system according to their distance from the spring (A factor), and the development of the karst network (K factor). The COP and COPA+K maps were validated based on the characteristic correlation, for the study area, between the values of δ18O and the elevation of recharge areas. Compared to COP, the COPA+K results appeared more stringent in the identification of areas characterized by high vulnerability, which passed from 35.6% to 23.6% of the entire study area. COPA+K also made possible to better differentiate the behavior of the two catchments. In terms of high susceptible areas, their percentage difference increased by 12.3%, correctly emphasizing the greater susceptibility of the Nossana drainage system in comparison with the Ponte del Costone dispersive one. For the COPA+K map, in the Nossana catchment, the δ18O values indicated a good agreement between the mean elevation of high vulnerable and water recharge areas (± 106 m). For Ponte del Costone, the isotopic data indicated a possible mixing with the waters of the Serio River.

Water Sustainability: Current and Future Challenges at SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India

SRMIST has healthy approach to sustainability, incorporating social economic and environmental principles that have been in place for nearly a decade implementing short and long-term sustainable objectives. SRMIST developed, maintained the estate, and the surrounding landscape, with due environmental impact and social values and implemented effective, efficient utility management measures, policies and procedures. The 2018/2019 UI Green Metric ranked SRMIST as 9 th in India and 392nd in Global Ranking overall and 264th rank globally and 9th rank in India for water parameter and 3rd in the Nation and 243rd globally and 2nd rank nationally and 42nd rank globally for water. SRM IST improved implementation of the water conservation and recycling program from 75% in 2018 to 95 % in 2019. Water efficient appliances increased > 70% and has a long-term commitment for conservation of water by regularly monitoring the use of water with regular meters. SRMIST has 20 RO plants running 24x7 collecting 31,000L per day for all and installing Ultra Filtration unit. SRMIST’s goal is to reduce per capita water consumption varies from 3.7m3 to 3.3m. Among the 4600 M3 waste water generated an average 4140 M3 wastewater is treated and recycled. Rainwater harvesting pits have been constructed in 65% college buildings and hostels is used for the water recharge in the campus and the rainwater stored in the roof tanks are used for toilet flushing.

LAND COVER CHANGE ANALYSIS IN THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA USING NLCD DATA

Land cover change is critical to be monitored as land cover change has significant impacts on flooding, ground water recharge, and urban air temperature. In this paper, key findings from a land cover change analysis study performed in the State of California are presented. National Land Cover Database (NLCD) data from the Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium (MRLC) was used for this study. Time series of NLCD data during the time period of 2001 through 2016 was used for the analysis. NLCD data processing was done in ArcMap 10.6.1. This paper includes the methodology in detail, and the results of the analysis. Results of the study indicate a significant increase in impervious surfaces, and a significant decrease in forest land cover.

Sustainable management of recycled wastewater – A case study

Waste water reuse is considered as a best solution to climate change adaptation, lack of water service and sanitation in rural areas in particular. The proposed method was the implementation of a real case which describes the benefits of application of treated waste water in Guru Nanak Institution of Technology, Hyderabad for ground water recharge and miscellaneous purposes. The waste water was analyzed for physical and chemical parameters before and after treatment and were compared with WHO, Indian standards and FAO irrigation standards. DO and BOD, Total hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, chlorides and sulphates were found in high concentration as compared to standard values. Hence, infiltration basins filled with filter media were designed and constructed in the campus to recharge ground water. Therefore treated waste water was passed through infiltration beds consisting of Coarse River sand, wood charcoal, 3/4th inch gravel, ¾ inch Granite stones and river boulders. Final analysis was done after filtration. BOD of the filtered water was reduced Ca2+, Mg2+, T.H, Cl and So42− were reduced .The research suggests that the waste water after treatment and filtration could be used for ground water recharge .This study provides an exploratory investigation into advantages of managing recycled waste The paper also provides evidence that an Integrated planning and approach is necessary for the waste water management in a water stressed basin. This work is a challenge for the present and also for the future.