Ecological risk factors of soil-transmitted helminths infections in Ifedore district, Southwest Nigeria

Background Soil-Transmitted Helminths are a group of parasites that cause gastrointestinal infections in humans and require the soil to develop into their infective forms. Ecological factors such as soil temperature, soil pH and rainfall patterns are, however, important determinants for the successful transmission of soil helminths as they play a major role in their abundance and survival in the soil. The study investigated the ecological factors influencing the transmission of soil-transmitted helminths in Ifedore district, Southwest Nigeria. Results Out of the one hundred and ninety-two (192) soil samples from the study area, one hundred and fifty-two 152 (79.2%) were positive for the presence of soil helminths’ larvae and ova. Higher occurrence of soil helminths was recorded during the rainy months (n = 416) than during the months with no records of rainfall (n = 290). Sandy soil had the highest number of soil helminths 285 (40.4%), while clay soil recorded the least 88 (12.5%). Soil temperature showed negative correlations with the occurrence of Ancylostoma duodenale (r = − 0.53) and Strongyloides stercoralis larvae (r = − 0.36), while soil conductivity showed positive correlations with the occurrence of Ascaris lumbricoides (r = 0.28) and A. duodenale (r = 0.34). Conclusion It is evident from the study that ecological factors played a significant role in the occurrence and abundance of soil-transmitted helminths. This research is important for predicting and monitoring soil-transmitted helminthiasis in endemic countries, and to devise effective control measures.

Iron-Deficiency Anemia Related to Ancylostoma duodenale Infection in 67 Years Old Female Patient

Background. Ancylostomiasis is an infection caused by hookworms. It is estimated that hookworms infect 1.2 billion people worldwide and cause higher morbidity than other types, mainly due to iron deficiency anemia. Hookworm infection increases with age. The main clinical manifestations are abdominal pain, features of iron deficiency anemia and hypoproteinemia. Diagnosis is based on the finding of characteristic eggs in the stool. Case presentation. A 67-year-old female patient had been administered into the Internal Medicine Ward of Dr. M. Djamil Padang Hospital with the main complaint of weakness, fatigue, and lethargy which had increased since 3 days before being admitted to the hospital. The patient also had complaints of pale skin, fever, heartburn, decreased appetite and weight loss. The patient was admitted to the hospital with awareness of compost mentis, cooperative, and his general condition appeared to be moderately ill, blood pressure 130/90 mmHg, pulse rate 104 x/minute, regular pulse, adequate filling, respiratory rate 22 x/minute, temperature 37.8 C. On physical examination, the conjunctiva of the pantient’s eyes were anemic. Laboratory examination revealed Hemoglobin 4 g/dl, Hematocrit 16%, MCV/MCH/MCHC 62fl/15pg/25g/dL, Reticulocytes 0.5%, SI/TIBC 22/315 mg/dL, Ferritin 8.5 ng/mL, and peripheral blood smear showing severe hypochromic microcytic anemia and relative eosinofilia. Ancylostoma duodenale worm eggs were found on routine stool examination. Final diagnosis was Severe microcytic hypochromic anemia caused by an iron deficiency and Ancylostomiasis. Severe microcytic hypochromic anemia caused by iron deficiency and ancylostomiasis was established based on the patient’s history, physical examination and laboratory investigations. Conclusions. Hookworms infect many people worldwide and cause high morbidity, mainly due to iron deficiency anemia. The highest prevalence is found in the tropics and subtropics, including Indonesia. The main clinical manifestations are abdominal pain, features of iron deficiency anemia and hypoproteinemia. Diagnosis is based on the finding of characteristic eggs in the stool. Albendazole 400 mg single dose resulted in 80% cure and a dose of 200 mg/day for 3 days gave 100% cure. Treatment of anemia is by administering ferrous sulfate or ferrous gluconate orally 200 mg three times a day and continued for up to 3 months after normal hemoglobin levels are achieved to maintain iron stores.

Identifikasi IDENTIFIKASI TELUR NEMATODA USUS SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTH PADA FESES DAN KOTORAN KUKU PETANI SAWAH DI DESA MUNGGUR KECAMATAN MANYARAN WONOGIRI

Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH) merupakan nematoda usus penyebab infeksi kecacingan yang ditularkan melalui tanah untuk perkembangan menjadi bentuk infektif. Spesies yang termasuk nematoda usus golongan STH yaitu Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus dan Strongyloides stercoralis. Manusia dapat terinfeksi apabila tidak sengaja menelan telur cacing atau melalui penetrasi kulit akibat kontak langsung dengan tanah tanpa APD. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui persentase petani sawah di Desa Munggur Kecamatan Manyaran Wonogiri yang terinfeksi nematoda usus STH. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode jenis observasional dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Pemeriksaan pada sampel feses menggunakan metode langsung dengan larutan NaCl 0,9% dan larutan lugol 1-2%, sedangkan sampel kuku menggunakan metode sedimentasi dengan larutan NaOH 0,25% ditambah larutan lugol 1-2%. Hasil pemeriksaan pada sampel feses ditemukan adanya telur nematoda usus STH, sedangkan pada kotoran kuku tidak ditemukan adanya telur nematoda usus STH. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah adanya telur nematoda usus STH pada sampel feses nomor 12,13 dengan ditemukannya telur Hookworm. Persentase hasil pemeriksaan pada sampel feses dinyatakan positif sebesar 10% dan sampel feses negatif dinyatakan negatif sebesar 90% sedangkan sampel kotoran kuku dinyatakan positif 0% dan sampel negatif dinyatakan 100%. Kata kunci : Soil Transmitted Helminth, feses, kotoran kuku.

Efektivitas Rendaman Daun Jati (Tectona grandis Linn.f) Dalam Mewarnai Stadium Telur Parasit STH (Soil Transmitted Helminth)

Penyakit cacingan merupakan masalah kesehatan yang masih banyak ditemukan di dunia, hampir 2 miliar orang terinfeksi Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH). Cacing yang tergolong STH adalah Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura dan cacing tambang (Ancylostoma duodenale dan Necator americanus). Diagnosis penyakit cacingan ditegakkan dengan pemeriksaan mikroskopis tinja yang ditunjang dengan pewarnaan. Eosin dan lugol selama ini digunakan sebagai pewarna pada pemeriksaan mikroskopis tinja. Daun jati (Tectona grandis Linn.f) mengandung senyawa antosianin yang dapat digunakan sebagai pewarna alami. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kemampuan rendaman daun jati dalam mewarnai stadium telur parasit STH jika dibandingkan dengan pewarna eosin 2% dan lugol 2%. Metode pemeriksaan tinja yang digunakan adalah metode sedimentasi. Rendaman daun jati diperoleh dengan cara merendam daun jati dengan Etanol 96% dan HCl pekat selama 24 jam. Hasil pewarnaan menggunakan rendaman daun jati memberikan nilai efektif 100% pada telur Ascaris sp. dan Trichuris sp., dan memberikan nilai efektif 66,7% pada telur Hookworm. Berdasarkan perhitungan uji Chi-square dan tabel Fisher Exact dapat disimpulkan bahwa rendaman daun jati memiliki kemampuan yang signifikan seperti eosin 2% dan lugol 2% dalam mewarnai stadium telur parasit STH.Kata Kunci : rendaman daun jati, telur STH, pewarna alternatif

Seasonal Occurrence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Horse (Equus Ferus Caballus) From Dhaka City Bangladesh

The study was conducted to understand the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in horse during June, 2017 to April, 2018 from Bangladesh National Zoo, Puran Dhaka and Rajarbagh Police Line of Dhaka city. A total of 48 faecal samples were collected from horses and examined by Direct Smearing technique and Formol Ether Concentration technique. Out of 48 samples 47 found positive for gastrointestinal parasitic infection with an overall prevalence of 97.92 %. Highest prevalence was identified (77.1 %) in Parascaris equorum, followed by 70.8 % in Hymenolepis nana, 62.5 % in Isospora sp., 50 % in Ancylostoma duodenale, 39.6 % in Toxocara sp., 35.4 % in Entamoeba sp., 25 % in Trichuris sp., 20.8 % in Fasciola hepatica 16.67 % in Capillaria sp., 8.3 % in Taenia sp. and Opisthorchis sinensis, 4.2 % in Moniezia benedeni and Thysaniezia sp. Highest intensity (72.97± 46.32) was found for Isospora sp. The p value was 0.01, p < 0.05 so the prevalence rate was statistically significant.A significant difference was founded in prevalence between male and female horse where females were highly infected and also seasonal variation showed significant differences. Highest prevalence was recorded in winter and Rainy season (100 %) followed by summer (95 %). The intensity of parasites was highest in rainy season (63.38 ±79.94) followed by summer (55.47 ±29.73) and winter (49.5 ±28.58) Bangladesh J. Zool. 49 (2): 301-319, 2021

IDENTIFIKASI NEMATODA USUS SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTH PADA ANAK-ANAK DI KECAMATAN BARANTI KABUPATEN SIDENRENG RAPPANG

Soil Transmitted Helminth atau nematoda usus adalah kelompok parasit cacing usus yang memerlukan media tanah yang basah dan lembab untuk perkembangannya. Kelompok soil transmitted helminth (STH) yakni cacing gelang (Ascaris lumbricoides), cacing cambuk (Trichuris trichiura), cacing tambang (Necator americanus dan Ancylostoma duodenale) dan cacing benang (Strongyloides stercoralis). Dilihat dari kondisi lingkungan Kecamatan Baranti terdapat penggunanaan jamban yang tidak layak dan peletakan penampungan air limbah sembarangan mengakibatkan kontaminasi pada tanah yang menjadi tempat berkembangnya nematoda usus. Pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi soil transmitted helminth pada feses anak-anak di Kecamatan Baranti Kabupaten Sidenreng Rappang. Jenis pengabdian ini adalah observasi laboratorik. Sebanyak 10 sampel feses dengan menggunakan metode sedimentasi (sentrifugasi). Berdasarkan hasil pengabdian yang telah dilakukakan ditemukan 2 sampel yang positif mengandung telur cacing. Berdasarkan hasil pengabdian dapat disimpulkan bahwa ditemukan soil transmitted helminth pada anak-anak dengan jenis telur cacing Ascaris lumbricoides dan Trichuris trichiura.

IDENTIFIKASI NEMATODA USUS SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTH PADA ANAK-ANAK DI KECAMATAN BARANTI KABUPATEN SIDENRENG RAPPANG

Soil Transmitted Helminth atau nematoda usus adalah kelompok parasit cacing usus yang memerlukan media tanah yang basah dan lembab untuk perkembangannya. Kelompok soil transmitted helminth (STH) yakni cacing gelang (Ascaris lumbricoides), cacing cambuk (Trichuris trichiura), cacing tambang (Necator americanus dan Ancylostoma duodenale) dan cacing benang (Strongyloides stercoralis). Dilihat dari kondisi lingkungan Kecamatan Baranti terdapat penggunanaan jamban yang tidak layak dan peletakan penampungan air limbah sembarangan mengakibatkan kontaminasi pada tanah yang menjadi tempat berkembangnya nematoda usus. Pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi soil transmitted helminth pada feses anak-anak di Kecamatan Baranti Kabupaten Sidenreng Rappang. Jenis pengabdian ini adalah observasi laboratorik. Sebanyak 10 sampel feses dengan menggunakan metode sedimentasi (sentrifugasi). Berdasarkan hasil pengabdian yang telah dilakukakan ditemukan 2 sampel yang positif mengandung telur cacing. Berdasarkan hasil pengabdian dapat disimpulkan bahwa ditemukan soil transmitted helminth pada anak-anak dengan jenis telur cacing Ascaris lumbricoides dan Trichuris trichiura.

Conventional Multiplex PCR For Identify Soil Transmitted Helminthes (Ascais Lumbricoides, Trichuris Trichura And Ancylostoma Duodenale) In Fecal Specimens

Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and Ancylostoma duodenale are soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and medically neglected in Iraq country in spite of their effect on the public health. A cross-sectional study was performed in the Maternity and Childhood Teaching Hospital and General Education Hospital in Al-Dewanyia province, included 850 tool samples collected from patients who attended to the O&P lab. General stool examination (GSE), Direct wet mount method DWMM and Kato-Katz were using for diagnosis of STH infections through detected the adult and the ovum of the helminthes. A conventional multiplex PCR assay was used for detection of STHs in fecal samples. Base on microscopic examination. The results showed that 275/ 850 range among triple, double and single infection on other hand was 365/ 850 range among triple, double and single infection. In conclusions the investigative sensitivity of DWMM is notable for STH, in exception, it is capable to identify patients with the intention of highest required of management, and therefore contributes to the universal target to reduce STH as a community healthiness trouble.

Experimental Hookworm Infection in Laboratory animals: Parasite behavior, Immune response and Chemotherapeutic Studies

Hookworm disease is known to be caused allergic manifestation and severe anemic pathogenicity in man and canine hosts. Attempts have been made to establish laboratory models of Necator americaus, Ancylostoma duodenale, and Ancylostoma ceylanicum, together with canine parasite, Ancylostoma caninum. The studies include pathophysiological aspects of the host-parasite relationship, and develop to establish patent infection. Immunological approach to selecting antigen for diagnosis and protective immunity purpose using larval and adult worm antigens and their secretions became the focus with the subsequent discovery of cloning in vaccine development as main research interest. Chemotherapy of newer drug screening in laboratory models ultimately selected to use for preventive chemotherapy in hookworm endemic areas using recommended drugs.