External validation and comparison of the Glasgow-Blatchford bleeding score, the Rockall score and the AIMS65 score in upper gastro-intestinal hemorrhage: A cross-sectional observational study in Western Switzerland

Background: Upper gastro-intestinal bleeding presents a high incidence in Emergency department. This study aims to externally validate and determine the performance of the Rockall score, the Glasgow-Blatchford bleeding, the modified Glasgow Blatchford score (mGBS) and the AIMS65 score in an Emergency department.Methods: We performed a retrospective cross-sectional observational study between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2019. We performed Receiver-Operating Characteristic curve and area under the curve (AUROC) to compare discrimination for each scores. The primary outcome was need for intervention or death, including transfusion, endoscopic or surgery intervention. The secondary outcome was in-hospital death.Results: We enrolled 1,521 patients with UIGB. Mean age was 68 [52 – 81] years old, 62 % were men. Melena and/or hematemesis were the most common complain at ED (73%). Primary outcome was positive for 422 patients (27.7%), 76 patients (5%) were positive for our secondary outcome. The Glasgow-Blatchford score and the modified Glasgow-Blatchford score shown the highest area AUROC, respectively 0.774 (95% CI=0.750-0.798) and 0.782 (95% CI=0.759-0.805). AIMS-65 and Pre-endoscopic Rockall score shown lower discrimination, respectively, 0.684 (95% CI=0.657-0.711) and 0.647 (95% CI=0.618-0.675).Conclusion: Regarding our primary outcome, the modified Glasgow-Blatchford score and the Glasgow-Blatchford score presented a good performance. A GBS or mGBS of 0 is safe to rule-out patients with UIGB from ED. Performance of AIMS-65 score and Pre-endoscopic Rockall score were moderate.

COMPARISON OF NON-ENDOSCOPIC SCORES FOR THE PREDICTION OF OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS OF UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEED IN AN EMERGENCY OF A TERTIARY CARE REFERRAL HOSPITAL: A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Traditionally peptic ulcer disease was the most common cause of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleed but with the changing epidemiology; other etiologies of UGI bleed are emerging. Many scores have been described for predicting outcomes and the need for intervention in UGI bleed but prospective comparison among them is scarce. OBJECTIVE: This study was planned to determine the etiological pattern of UGI bleed and to compare Glasgow Blatchford score, Pre-Endoscopy Rockall score, AIMS65, and Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) as predictors of outcome. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study 268 patients of UGI bleed were enrolled and followed up for 8 weeks. Glasgow Blatchford score, Endoscopy Rockall score, AIMS65, and MEWS were calculated for each patient, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC-ROC) curve for each score was compared. RESULTS: The most common etiology for UGI bleed were gastroesophageal varices 150 (63.55%) followed by peptic ulcer disease 29 (12.28%) and mucosal erosive disease 27 (11.44%). Total 38 (15.26%) patients had re-bleed and 71 (28.5%) patients died. Overall, 126 (47%) patients required blood component transfusion, 25 (9.3%) patients required mechanical ventilation and 2 (0.74%) patients required surgical intervention. Glasgow Blatchford score was the best in predicting the need for transfusion (cut off - 10, AUC-ROC= 0.678). Whereas AIMS65 with a score of ≥2 was best in predicting re-bleed (AUC-ROC=0.626) and mortality (AUC-ROC=0.725). CONCLUSION: Gastrointestinal bleed was most commonly of variceal origin at our tertiary referral center in Northern India. AIMS65 was the best & simplest score with a score of ≥2 for predicting re-bleed and mortality.

EP.FRI.986Life threatening bleeding duodeno-jejunal flexure GIST successfully managed with surgery- Case report

Introduction Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are sarcomas and the most common non-epithelial cancers of the GI tract. Patient A 77-year old man with life threatening melaena, drop in haemoglobin from 109 to 71 in 24 hours and hypotension. Co-morbidities included COPD, chronic microcytic anaemia, type 2 Diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Anaemia for 9 years had been investigated with OGD and colonoscopy showing no pathology. Calculated Rockall score was 6. An Urgent Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy showed normal findings with no source of bleeding identified. An urgent CT angiography demonstrated a vascular blush at duodenojejunal (DJ) flexure identified as the source of bleeding. Four units of was blood transfused preoperatively. The bleeding source was not embolisable. He underwent an initial diagnostic laparoscopy to confirm the site of the lesion and ascertaining whether resection and anastomosis would be visible. Findings at laparoscopy included a DJ flexure lesion. A midline mini-laparotomy, wedge resection of the lesion with a hand-sewn anastomosis was performed. He had a prolonged hospital stay with gastroparaesis and high nasogastric tube output. Histology showed a well-demarcated, lobulated bland spindle cell lesion. The tumour is composed of cells with mainly blunt ended nuclei. There is strong positive staining to CD117 and DOG-1. There is focal positive staining to Desmin and SMA. The tumour is negative for S100 AND but Pankeratin. Overall, MDT felt that this was a 30mm DJ flexure GIST with less than 5 mitoses per 50mm2. R1 achieved resection but with a low risk (4.3%) of recurrence based on the histological characteristics.

Prognostic factors associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding based on the French multicenter SANGHRIA trial

Background and study aims Prognostic and risk factors for upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) might have changed overtime because of the increased use of direct oral anticoagulants and improved gastroenterological care. This study was undertaken to assess the outcomes of UGIB in light of these new determinants by establishing a new national, multicenter cohort 10 years after the first. Methods Consecutive outpatients and inpatients with UGIB symptoms consulting at 46 French general hospitals were prospectively included between November 2017 and October 2018. They were followed for at least for 6 weeks to assess 6-week rebleeding and mortality rates and factors associated with each event. Results Among the 2498 enrolled patients (mean age 68.5 [16.3] years, 67.1 % men), 74.5 % were outpatients and 21 % had cirrhosis. Median Charlson score was 2 (IQR 1–4) and Rockall score was 5 (IQR 3–6). Within 24 hours, 83.4 % of the patients underwent endoscopy. The main causes of bleeding were peptic ulcers (44.9 %) and portal hypertension (18.9 %). The early in-hospital rebleeding rate was 10.5 %. The 6-week mortality rate was 12.5 %. Predictors significantly associated with 6-week mortality were initial transfusion (OR 1.54; 95 %CI 1.04–2.28), Charlson score > 4 (OR 1.80; 95 %CI 1.31–2.48), Rockall score > 5 (OR 1.98; 95 %CI 1.39–2.80), being an inpatient (OR 2.45; 95 %CI 1.76–3.41) and rebleeding (OR 2.6; 95 %CI 1.85–3.64). Anticoagulant therapy was not associated with dreaded outcomes. Conclusions The 6-week mortality rate remained high after UGIB, especially for inpatients. Predictors of mortality underlined the weight of comorbidities on outcomes.

A varixeredetű felső gastrointestinalis vérzések elemzése.

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: Az akut varixeredetű gastrointestinalis vérzés napjainkban is jelentős morbiditással és mortalitással jár. Célkitűzés: Célunk az akut varixeredetű felső gastrointestinalis vérzések incidenciájának, ellátási folyamatainak és kimeneteli tényezőinek átfogó felmérése volt. Módszer: Prospektív, multicentrikus vizsgálatunk keretében hat nyugat-magyarországi gasztroenterológiai centrum bevonásával elemeztük az ott diagnosztizált és kezelt, varixvérző betegek adatait. Rögzítettük a demográfiai, az anamnesztikus, a diagnosztikus, valamint a terápiát és a betegség kimenetelét érintő adatokat. Minden beteg esetében kockázat- és predikcióbecslést végeztünk a Glasgow–Blatchford Score (GBS), a pre- és posztendoszkópos Rockall Score (RS) és az American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Score alapján. Eredmények: A vizsgált egyéves periódusban (2016. 01. 01. és 2016. 12. 31. között) 108, akut varixeredetű gastrointestinalis vérzést találtunk (átlagéletkor: 59,6 év). Endoszkópos terápiára 57,4%-ban került sor, 39,8% sclerotherapiában, 18,5% ligatióban részesült. Transzfúziót a betegek 76,9%-a igényelt. A teljes halálozás 24,1% volt. A transzfúziós igény vonatkozásában a legmagasabb prediktív értékű a GBS volt (AUC: 0,793; cut-off: GBS >8 pont). Az ASA-pontszám szignifikáns összefüggést mutatott a transzfúzió-szükséglettel (OR 7,6 [CI 95% 2,7–21,6]; p<0,001), az endoszkópos intervencióval (OR 12,6 [CI 95% 3,4–46,5]; p = 0,033) és trendszerű kapcsolatot a mortalitással (OR 3,6 [0,8–16,7]; p = 0,095). Emellett a nemzetközi normalizált ráta (INR) értéke (p = 0,001) és a szérumkreatinin-szint (p = 0,002) állt kapcsolatban a mortalitással. Az endoszkópos intervenció aránya szignifikáns összefüggésben volt a varix Paquet-stádiumával (p<0,001) és az ASA-pontszámmal (OR = 12,6 [3,4–46,5]; p = 0,033). Következtetés: Nyugat-Magyarországon magas az akut varixeredetű vérzés előfordulási gyakorisága. Az ASA-pontszám és a GBS jó prediktív faktor a betegségkimenetel és a transzfúziós igény vonatkozásában. A megfigyelt magas mortalitás és az endoszkópos ligatio alacsony aránya indokolja a kezelési stratégiák optimalizálását akut varixeredetű gastrointestinalis vérzés esetén. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(31): 1252–1259. Summary. Introduction: Acute variceal gastrointestinal bleeding is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the characteristics and prognostic factors in the management of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a large multi-center study from Hungary. Method: This prospective one-year study (between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2016) involved six community hospitals in Western Hungary. Data collection included demographic characteristics, vital signs at admission, comorbidities, medications, time to hospital admission and endoscopy, laboratory results, endoscopic management, risk assessment using Glasgow–Blatchford Score (GBS), Rockall Score (RS) and the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status Score, transfusion requirements, length of hospital stay and mortality. Results: 108 cases (male: 69.4%) of acute variceal gastrointestinal bleeding were registered during the 1-year period. Endoscopic therapeutic intervention was performed in 57.4%. On initial endoscopy, 39.8% of the patients were treated with sclerotherapy and 18.5% had ligation. 76.9% of the patients required blood transfusion. The overall mortality (including in-hospital bleedings) was 24.1%. The GBS predicted transfusions (AUC: 0.793; cut-off: GBS >8 points). The ASA Score was associated with transfusion (OR 7.6 [CI 95% 2.7–21.6]; p<0.001), endoscopic intervention (OR 12.6 [CI 95% 3.4–46.5]; p = 0.033), and showed similar trend with mortality (OR 3.6 [0.8–16.7]; p = 0.095). The increased international normalized ratio (INR) and creatinine levels were associated with mortality (p = 0.001 and p = 0.002). Conclusion: Incidence rates of acute variceal gastrointestinal bleeding in Western Hungary are high. The ASA Score, GBS predicted outcomes and transfusion requirements. The observed high mortality rates, coupled with relatively low rates of endoscopic ligation, warrant optimization of management strategies in acute variceal gastrointestinal bleeding. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(31): 1252–1259.

The Current Portrayal of Non-Variceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in a Portuguese Tertiary Center

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB) is an important healthcare problem whose epidemiology and outcomes have been changing throughout the years. The main goal of this study was to characterize the current demographics, etiologies, and risk factors of NVUGIB. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Analysis of clinical, endoscopic, and outcome data from patients who were admitted for NVUGIB between January 2016 and January 2019 in an emergency department of a tertiary hospital center. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A total of 522 patients were included, with a median age of 71 years, mainly men, with multiple comorbidities. Most patients were directly admitted, while the others were transferred from other hospitals. Peptic ulcer disease was the most common cause of NVUGIB and it was followed by tumor bleeding. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed within &#x3c;12 h after hospital admission in 51.9%. In-hospital rebleeding occurred in 6.9% and overall mortality was 4.2%. Transferred patients had superior Glasgow-Blatchford score (GBS), required more blood transfusion, endoscopic and surgical interventions, and presented higher rebleeding rate, with similar mortality. Complete Rockall score (CRS) and GBS were predictors of endoscopic therapy. Surgery need was only related to CRS. Patients who rebled had superior pre-endoscopic Rockall score (RS), CRS, and GBS. Mortality was increased in patients with higher RS and CRS. <b><i>Discussion/Conclusion:</i></b> Ageing and increasing comorbidities have not been related to worse outcomes in NVUGIB. These findings seem to be the consequence of the correct use of both diagnostic and therapeutic tools in an organized and widely accessible healthcare system.

The use of prognostic scales in upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding.

IntroductionIn order to select high-risk patients, many prognostic scales have been invented. Among them, Rockall, Glasgow-Blatchford and AIMS 65 scales were considered the most useful.Material and methodsPatients with upper GI tract bleeding, treated between 2017 and 2018 were retrospectively enrolled to the study. Every patient had a Rockall, Glasgow-Blatchford and AIMS 65 score calculated retrospectively. Data on hospitalization as blood transfusions, length of hospital stay, rebleeding, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mortality was included into data-base.ResultsUnivariate logistic regression revealed that only the AIMS65 scale was a prognostic factor for in-hospital mortality (OR 11.028; 95% CI: [2.271, 53.563], p=0.001). The AIMS 65 score >2 was the only factor predicting the need of >4 blood units transfusion during hospitalization (OR 3.977; 95% CI: [1.305, 12.122], p=0.015), whereas Glasgow-Blatchford scale >5 was the only risk factor for the need of fresh frozen plasma transfusion (OR 3.657; 95% CI: [1.010-13.242], p=0.048). The area under a curve (AUC) in the ROC analysis revealed that the AIMS 65 scale was the most accurate in mortality prediction (AUC=0.859, p=0.002), whereas Rockall score and Glasgow-Blatchford were not significant (AUC=0.614, p=0.093 and AUC=0.504, p=0.97, respectively).ConclusionsBased on our results, we recommend using AIMS 65 scoring system. It’s simple and requires few of parameters to be counted. Also, it proved to be the most efficient in predicting in-hospital mortality.