Chromatic Metabasis through Poems by Wislawa Szymborska

Transition of the linguistic argument from a Wislawa Szymborska poem to one of graphic and chromatic expression.

Irish Speakers and their Experience of Emigration to North America

In historical work on emigration from Ireland to the New World, it has become widely accepted that Irish speakers were more passive and fatalistic than English speakers, and that they felt that emigration was a form of exile. This article challenges this assumption. In the first part, it is shown that the linguistic argument for this claim lacks both theoretical and empirical foundations. The evidence for Irish, it is shown, does not indicate any passivity on the part of its speakers. In the second part of the article, accounts of life in America by Irish speakers are drawn upon. On the whole, these suggest that Irish speakers, like English speakers, had a wide range of experiences in their new environment. However, they fail to show that language played a significant role in any feelings of alienation among emigrants.

Urindogermanische Lehnwörter in den uralischen und finno-ugrischen Grundsprachen

ZusammenfassungThis paper contains a critical evaluation of the alleged Proto- Indo-European loanwords in Proto-Uralic and Proto-Finno-Ugric and argues that most of them cannot be upheld. It is also argued that currently it is not possible to choose between different scenarios for the remaining cases, i.e. sheer coincidence, borrowing from Proto-Indo-European, borrowing from a precursor of Tocharian, and a combination of any of these. Incidentally, this result also means that these words cannot be used for the location of the Proto-Indo-European homeland in the steppe area, which thus loses its single trustworthy linguistic argument.

The Linguistic Properties of Weather Reports

The chapter seeks to settle on the general syntactic and semantic properties of weather reports. In particular, it is argued that the locative construal of weather reports is adjunctional, that is, the position for a locative phrase is optional and so does not militate for any syntactic or lexical structure when such a position is not overtly occupied. It is also argued that Recanati’s arguments to a similar conclusion can be faulted in ways the strict linguistic argument on offer cannot be. It is concluded, in light of the phenomena discussed, that relevant meteorological predicates are derived from a general principle that raises nominal roots into verbal positions.

Substance

Locke’s idea of a substance (e.g., a rock, a tree, or a swan) comprises (1) the ideas of the qualities that define its species, and (2) the idea of a substratum in which those qualities inhere. The proper interpretation of (2) is controversial. The traditional view is that substratum is an unperceivable component distinct from any and all of a thing’s qualities; the rival view is that substratum = real essence. This chapter examines three arguments for the traditional view: the argument from change traceable at least to Aristotle, the logico-linguistic argument discussed by J. L. Mackie, and a subtler argument, implicit in Leibniz, based on the division of labor between the referential words and descriptive words in subject-predicate sentences. It discuses the textual evidence that Locke held the traditional view. It argues that despite that view’s incompatibility with Locke’s Empiricism, he accepts it, albeit with misgivings, because of the latter argument.

Linguistic ideology and the pre-modern English Bible

Can the prestige of a language be an argument for the translation of a sacred text? Conversely, if a language is perceived as substandard, is that an argument against translation? In the history of the English Bible, scholars and theologians have argued both for and against a vernacular scripture, but the debate has not always been based on religious beliefs. Following the Norman Invasion of 1066, the translation debate shifted from the religious to the linguistic. In other words, the argument against translation became based on the perception that English was “too rude” to properly convey the complex nature of Holy Scripture. Reformers like William Tyndale protested this view, arguing that the linguistic argument against a Bible in the vernacular really masked an almost maniacal desire on the part of the ecclesiastical establishment to control the message. This paper takes a closer look at historical arguments for and against an English Bible from the Anglo-Saxon period through the Tyndale Bible.

KONSTRUKSI PEMIKIRAN SIBAWAIH DALAM KAJIAN IlMU NAHWU

Sibawaih is one of the nahwu scholars of the Basra school, compiled the science of nahwu in his book known as al-Kitab, he was very careful in selecting the validity of one history, he also did not receive a linguistic argument which was not narrated in mutawatir and linguistic arguments in his book al-Kitab is a book of nahwu which he produces through a very obyektib study, because most of the methods used directly hear the language of the badwi and collect grammar perfectly in his time, and contribute a lot of thought to the reviewers of knowledge in the next generation to understand the language Qur'an as the holy book of Muslims

Operations and Aggregation Methods of Single-Valued Linguistic Neutrosophic Interval Linguistic Numbers and Their Decision Making Method

To comprehensively describe uncertain/interval linguistic arguments and confident linguistic arguments in the decision making process by a linguistic form, this study first presents the concept of a single-valued linguistic neutrosophic interval linguistic number (SVLN-ILN), which is comprehensively composed of its uncertain/interval linguistic number (determinate linguistic argument part) and its single-valued linguistic neutrosophic number (confident linguistic argument part), and its basic operations. Then, the score function of SVLN-ILN based on the attitude index and confident degree/level is presented for ranking SVLN-ILNs. After that, SVLN-ILN weighted arithmetic averaging (SVLN-ILNWAA) and SVLN-ILN weighted geometric averaging (SVLN-ILNWGA) operators are proposed to aggregate SVLN-ILN information and their properties are investigated. Further, a multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) method based on the proposed SVLN-ILNWAA or SVLN-ILNWGA operator and the score function is established under consideration of decision makers’ preference attitudes (pessimist, moderate, and optimist). Lastly, an actual example is given to show the applicability of the established MADM approach with decision makers’ attitudes.

Truth as a Property

Chapter 1 explores what a metaphysical investigation into truth involves, with particular focus on the idea that truth is a property. It discusses the two main arguments for the claim that truth is a property: the linguistic argument, and the metaphysical argument. In the course of the discussion of the linguistic argument, three ‘ultra deflationary views’ about truth are examined: redundancy theory, performative theory, and prosententialism. In the course of the metaphysical argument the view that truth is a property is compared to the views that truth is an object, and truth is an event. The chapter closes with some clarificatory remarks about concepts and truth-bearers.

Nothing Left to See

Warum ist die Sprache der gegenwärtigen Kunstkritik so gesättigt mit Theorie und klingt zugleich so inhaltlich leer? Ausgehend vom Beispiel einer computergenerierten Künstlerbiographie sucht dieser Beitrag die gestellte Frage zu beanworten, indem er auf die soziologische Ästhetik Arnold Gehlens zurückgreift. Um den Gegenstand des Kunstkommentares richtig zu greifen, diskutiert er nach dem generellen Problemaufriss die Tradition der Ekphrasis, der Übertragung visueller in textuelle Repräsentationsformate, und isoliert dabei drei Entwicklungen – Professionalisierung, Ökonomisierung und Abstraktion – in ihrer Produktionsgeschichte. Mit dem Hinweis auf die ›Krise der Ekphrasis‹, bedingt durch das Erscheinen nicht-repräsentationaler Kunst, wendet sich der Beitrag seinem Kronzeugen Arnold Gehlen zu. Dessen Philosophische Anthropologie wird umrissen und mit den Gedanken aus Zeitbilder (1960) kurzgeschlossen, deren zentrale Hypothese die »Kommentarbedürftigkeit« (insbesondere) der zeitgenössischen Malerei ist. Im Kontext von Gegenwartsdebatten der Kunsttheorie kombiniert der Artikel dieses Konzept Gehlens mit linguistischen Untersuchungen über den heutigen Zustand der Sprache der Kunstkritik und bietet im letzten Abschnitt eine kritische Erklärung und (pessimistische) Diagnose des Kunstkommentars wie man ihn heute in Fachmagazinen, Feuilletons und Vernissagen findet. <br><br>Why does the language of art commentary often seem so theoretically sophisticated while jargonistically empty? Introducing the puzzle of a computer generated artistic biography, this essay uses the sociological aesthetics of German theorist Arnold Gehlen to answer this question and account for the ‘algorithmic example.’ Since art commentary deals with the translation of images into words, the first section discusses the tradition of ekphrasis and isolates three developments – professionalization, marketization, abstraction – in its conditions of production. Emphasizing the ‘crisis of ekphrasis,’ set off by non-representational art, the essay continues with its key witness Arnold Gehlen. Adumbrating his approach of ‘philosophical anthropology,’ the article connects (t)his wider circle of thought to his aesthetic theory with the idea of modern and contemporary art’s “Kommentarbedürftigkeit” (need of commentary) in the center. The conclusion uses this concept, combines it with a linguistic argument concerning International Art English, and thus offers a critical explanation for and a pessimistic diagnosis of the language of art commentary today.