Features of Criminal Liability of Women in the Legislation of Ancient Rus

The article investigates the features of appointment and execution of criminal penalties against women in the legislation of Ancient Rus on the example of the provisions of Russkaya Prostrannaya Pravda (“Russian Extensive Truth”), the Charter of Prince Yaroslav and other historical sources. We should note that punishments and other measures of a criminal-legal nature applied to women during the formation of the state in Rus differ in a number of specific features and characteristics. In particular, during this period, a number of crimes committed only by women were highlighted: crimes against the church (magic), morality (fornication, adultery), murder of the child by his/her mother (“child murder”), abortion, etc. The criminal sanctions applied to the criminals were characterized by severity and cruelty. In some cases, the woman was held liable together with her husband for the crime he had committed. In general, the criminal legislation of the period of Ancient Rus did not differentiate the criminal liability of women.

Tears in the Fabric

This chapter focusses its attention on the associated crimes of child-abuse and child-murder. Crimes which, as a consequence of the public interest they stimulate, must be comprehended within an often febrile cultural context. The chapter looks at a number of modern plays which address these crimes, including various contributions to the ‘in-yer-face’ genre. Its closer focus, however, is on on Bryony Lavery’s Frozen, a play which can be more squarely categorised as ‘realist’. In so doing, the chapter further considers the merits and demerits of strategies of ‘restorative’ justice. It is argued that the rooting of restorative justice, in associated ideas of compassion and empathy, makes it a peculiarly literate jurisprudence.

Child murder in the Early Bronze Age: proteomic sex identification of a cold case from Schleinbach, Austria

The identification of sex-specific peptides in human tooth enamel by nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS) represents a quantum leap for the study of childhood and social relations more generally. Determining sex-related differences in prehistoric child rearing and mortality has been hampered by the insufficient accuracy in determining the biological sex of juveniles. We conducted mass spectrometric analysis to identify sex-specific peptides in the dental enamel of a child from a settlement pit of the Early Bronze Age settlement of Schleinbach, Austria (c. 1950–1850 bc). Four perimortal impression fractures on the skull of a 5–6-year-old child indicate an intentional killing, with a co-buried loom weight as possible murder weapon. Proteomic analysis, conducted for the first time on prehistoric teeth in Austria, determined the child’s sex as male. While we cannot conclusively determine whether the child was the victim of conflicts between village groups or was slain by members of his own community, we suggest that contextual evidence points to the latter. A possible trigger of violence was the follow-on effects of an uncontrolled middle ear infection revealed by an osteological analysis. The boy from Schleinbach highlights the potential for further investigation of gender-biased violence, infanticide and child murder based on the recently developed method of proteomic sex identification.

Newborn Baby Killed a Father

A man aged 57 years old came with two older children on 6th September 2018. year to a hospital in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, for a wife who had given birth to their third child a few days earlier. On his way home, he stopped the car at one chasm. The wife moved away from the two older children to not see what their father would do. He threw his just born son into the chasm. This is a very terrible event that sets out a series of questions from the area of family relations, social welfare, social policy, medicine and, in particular, the field of law and forensics. Since this terrible event contains characteristics of several criminal acts, this paper will focus on murder and infanticide. The question of all questions is what can be done in such cases. The mother should prevent father of the baby from doing such a terrible criminal act, but apparently she did not do it. She know why. The mother of the baby knew what father of the baby was planning to do. From that reason, she remove two elderly children from the point of committing the criminal act. Social services in these situations can not do anything because no one called them for help. In cases like this, the most important roles play Forensics and Law. Forensics proved that the baby was murdered in a cruel way, and the court pronounced the sentences. Unfortunately, one innocent child life has been lost. Keywords: Father; Mother; Child; Murder; Homicide