Features of arthropod cultivation in the closed water supply installations on the example of a giant freshwater prawn

The cultivation of arthropods in closed water supply installations is a promising area for the development of commercial aquaculture in Russia. The giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii is gradually becoming an aquaculture species of great commercial value, since it is the largest representative of its genus. In experiment for the prawn containing 3 tanks of the same size were used. The shrimps in the first tank were fed mainly plant food, but with a small proportion of animal food. In the second tank, animal feed was used. In the third tank, the shrimp diet consisted of 80% balanced artificial feed. The percentage of losses was 30, 20 and 7%, respectively. From the experiment, it became clear that main problems characteristic of all decapods, including the giant freshwater prawn, are the lack of high-quality and balanced artificial feeds, as well as problems associated with a decrease in the genetic diversity of artificial populations, which makes it more difficult and expensive to obtain seeding material. Cultivation of giant freshwater prawn in Russia can be quite cost-effective when using closed water supply installations, however, in order to achieve maximum benefits, it is necessary to develop artificial, optimized feeds designed specifically for crustaceans.

Assessment of the certain fertilizers effect on the quality of Viburnum vulgaris "Taiga rubies" seedlings

In this work research are considered, the results of the effectiveness of fertilizers’ the use of fertilizers on the growth processes of seedlings of the common viburnum 'Taiga Ruby' are considered. The influence of fertilizers on the viburnum root system volume of the root system of the viburnum has been reliably proven (82%). The most effective fertilizer was Osmocote Exact Standard (80.72 ml). Fertilizer Complex fruit and berry Complex (30.88 ml) turned out to be less effective (30.88 ml). The effect of fertilization on the average length of branches (72%) was estimated. The most effective fertilizer was Osmocote Exact Standard (18.8 ml). Fertilizer OMU fruit t and berry (9.4 ml) turned out to be less effective. Keywords: VIBURNUM, GROWING, SEEDING MATERIAL, FERTILIZERS, TAIGA RUBIES

FABRICATION OF 2-5 µM HYGROSCOPIC SEEDING MATERIAL FOR RAIN ENHANCEMENT PURPOSES

Hygroscopic cloud seeding, which uses giant cloud condensation nuclei (GCCN) particles with diameters between 2-5 µm, has been known to be 100 times more effective compared to those that use hygroscopic flares. Micronisation through jet milling has been recognized as the most common and ubiquitous method used to obtain particles with such a narrow size (2-5 µm) distribution. This research has successfully developed and identified 2-5 µm NaCl powders mixed with 10% cab-o-sil anticaking agent and 2 (two) times jet milling frequency as a potential GCCN (hygroscopic) seeding material. We use a combination of jet mill micronisation, rough milling with a Cross-Beather Mill, and analytical sieving to produce powders with those mentioned above (2-5 µm) size distribution. We varied the anticaking agent percentage in the mixture and the jet milling process frequency to identify which parameters would result in the 2-5 µm size distribution. We then confirmed the micronisation results particle size distribution with a particle size analyzer (PSA) and its morphology with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) machine. The materials with the 10% cab-o-sil agent mixture were confirmed to have the aforementioned size distribution from the characterization results. Intisari Penyemaian awan higroskopis menggunakan partikel giant cloud condensation nuclei (GCCN) dengan diameter 2-5 m telah diketahui 100 kali lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan yang menggunakan flare higroskopis. Mikronisasi melalui jet milling telah dikenal sebagai metode yang paling umum dan banyak digunakan untuk mendapatkan partikel dengan distribusi ukuran sempit (2-5 µm). Penelitian ini berhasil mengembangkan dan mengidentifikasi serbuk NaCl 2-5 µm yang dicampur dengan 10% anti gumpal berupa Cab-O-Sil dan frekuensi jet milling 2 (dua) kali sebagai bahan penyemaian GCCN (higroskopis) potensial. Pada penelitian ini telah digunakan kombinasi mikronisasi jet mill, penggilingan kasar dengan Cross-Beather Mill, dan ayakan analitik untuk menghasilkan serbuk dengan distribusi ukuran yang disebutkan di atas (2-5 µm). Telah divariasikan pula persentase bahan anti gumpal dalam campuran dan frekuensi proses jet milling untuk mengidentifikasi parameter yang akan menghasilkan distribusi ukuran 2-5 µm. Distribusi ukuran partikel hasil mikronisasi tersebut kemudian dikonfirmasi dengan alat analisa ukuran partikel (PSA) dan morfologinya dengan mesin scanning electron microscope (SEM). Dari hasil karakterisasi, material dengan campuran anti gumpal Cab-O-Sil sebanyak 10% dipastikan memiliki sebaran ukuran tersebut.

Cold Plasma Affects Germination and Fungal Community Structure of Buckwheat Seeds

Crop seeds are frequently colonised by fungi from the field or storage places. Some fungi can cause plant diseases or produce mycotoxins, compromising the use of seeds as seeding material, food or feed. We have investigated the effects of cold plasma (CP) on seed germination and diversity of seed-borne fungi in common and Tartary buckwheat. The seeds were treated with CP for 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 s in a low-pressure radiofrequency system using oxygen as the feed gas. The fungi from the seed surface and fungal endophytes were isolated using potato dextrose agar plates. After identification by molecular methods, the frequency and diversity of fungal strains were compared between CP treated and chemically surface-sterilised (30% of H2O2) seeds. CP treatments above 60 s negatively affected the germination of both buckwheat species. A significant reduction in fungal frequency and diversity was observed after 90 s and 120 s in common and Tartary buckwheat, respectively. The filamentous fungi of genera Alternaria and Epicoccum proved to be the most resistant to CP. The results of our study indicate that CP treatment used in our study may be applicable in postharvest and food production, but not for further seed sowing.

Obtaining spores for the production of Saccharina latissima: seasonal limitations in nature, and induction of sporogenesis in darkness

When cultivating the kelp Saccharina latissima, knowledge on the availability of seeding material for the production is essential. Applying a spore seeding approach requires spores from the reproductive organs of the fertile sporophytes (sori). As sori are generally not present during the time of seeding in late summer, the production of spores (sporogenesis) can be artificially induced by removing the meristematic part of the sporophyte and keeping the sporophyte under short day, temperate, and nutrient-replete conditions. Only limited information is available on the effect of light intensities including darkness on the sporogenesis of S. latissima. This study examined the natural pattern of sporogenesis in S. latissima from Middelfart, Denmark, and the effect of four different light regimes (0, 20, 60, or 120 μmol photons m−2 s−1) on the artificial induction of sporogenesis in S. latissima. Natural reproductivity and availability of spores in Denmark peaked in early winter, with 86% of the population being reproductive in November. Reproductive material was available from October until late spring, but with a variable spore release from 11 × 103 to 1.2 × 106 spores cm−2 sori. The artificial induction of sporogenesis was optimal in darkness with > 90% of sporophytes developing sori after 49 days, with an average spore release density of 1.15 ± 0.38 × 106 spores cm−2 sori. The results confirmed that S. latissima in Denmark follows the general pattern of reproduction of S. latissima in North Atlantic regions and demonstrated for the first time that sporogenesis in S. latissima can be efficiently induced in darkness.

Innovational system of quality control of seeding material in corn seed growing

Results of quality investigations of corn hybrids seeds that are formed at the growing phases, postharvest processing and storage are expounded. Quality control system which is based on the acting (standardized) and additional indexes and also methods of their definition is worked out. Seeds viability on the cold germination method, energy and growth force, uniformity and damage are additional indexes, they have high correlation level with sowing qualities and plenteous hybrids properties. Cold germination method includes variable temperatures 8 – 10 and 18 – 20 degrees Celsius that reproduces conditions of “sowing – seedling” corn period in the field. The uniformity is determined by the method of separating seeding material and determination of some fractions content on seeds size 9, 8, 7, 6 mm in it. The damage is defined by looking-over seedlings through a magnifying glass and their separating into 3 groups: seeds which are not damaged, with macro- and micro- damage of germ and endosperm, also seeds with damage in the kind of plucked veil are separately distinguished. The largest level of additional indexes correlation determined by new methods is within r = 0,583 – 0.781 and refers to the field seeds germination, individual plant productivity of corn hybrids. On the base of acting and additional indexes conditioned seeds are offered to be evaluated in accordance with 3 indexes of sowing suitability. If seeds of the first and the second (high and medium) indexes are used marketable seeds of corn hybrids productivity can be increased on 15–18 %. The highest index seeds viability on the method of cold germination must be 85–100 %, quantity of strong plantlets – no less 81 %, uniformity – 91 % and more, content of seeds with macro damage – till 5 % and micro damage – till 29 %. The system of quality control is recommended to be used in the process of seeds preparation and on the phase of their certification. Key words: corn, hybrids, seeds, system of quality, indexes and methods.

Economic efficiency of forming pike perch broodstocks in fish farms of Kazakhstan

The article highlights the problem of the industrial press on the pike perch population in all reservoirs of Kazakhstan and the sharp decline in its population due to increased exports of pike perch to Europe, which led to the need to fill the shortage of fish stock by forming pike perch broodstocks in the fish farms and increasing the importance of aquaculture. There are presented the results of introducing the technology of pike perch broodstocks formation in conditions of the fish farm HalykBalyk, LLP, which is carried out in two ways: by a method of domestication that provides catching pike perches from the natural reservoirs and adopting the spawners to the con-ditions of the fish farm: by obtaining offspring from the wild pike perch producers and growing the seeding material in ponds with subsequent selection for the broodstock. There have been given the calculations and analysis of the economic efficiency of biotechnological techniques for the phased formation of the breeding stock of pikeperch in a fish farm. There are presented the data on the cost of domestication of pike perch producers harvested in the natural pond and transported from the fishing sites to the hatcheries, as well as fish products: fertilized eggs, larvae that switched to mixed feeding, raised juveniles, fingerlings and two-year-olds raised in polyculture with traditional fish species in ponds in order to form a breeding stock of pike perch by the ‘ab ovo’ method. A diagram of the production processes of forming pike perch broodstock is presented. To determine the economic efficiency of growing pike perch yearlings and two-year-olds in the ponds in polyculture with carp and grass carp, the general costing of ponds, specific production costs and data on fish catch in monetary terms are presented. A comparative analysis of the results has been held; the ways to reduce the cost of pike perch production at each stage have been indicated.