Andean Man & the Astronaut

In 1958, Bruno Balke, a former German Luftwaffe doctor working for the United States Air Force (USAF), led a team of airmen up Colorado’s Mount Evans. Could acclimatization to the thin mountain air boost the oxygen efficiency of future astronauts living in artificial low-pressure spacecraft environments? To judge their improvement, Balke, an expert in the nascent field of space medicine, compared their performance not with military test-pilots, but with high-altitude Indigenous people he had studied in the Peruvian Andes. This article expands discussions of race in space history beyond Black scientists, mathematicians, and pilots in the Civil Rights era to this earlier case of the permanent residents of Morococha, Peru, who participated in efforts to define an ideal spacefaring body. More than recovering the story of a nearly forgotten group of astronaut-adjacent test-subjects, this article shows how racial discrimination in space medicine functioned by inclusion. Balke studied and even celebrated the bodies of Morocochans, but never considered them potential astronauts. This article begins with Balke’s participation in the 1938 Nazi-funded expedition to summit Nanga Parbat in the Himalayas, and his follow-on work acclimatizing Luftwaffe pilots during World War Two. Then it focuses on his USAF work in the 1950s studying miners living and working in Morococha, Peru, and his attempt to replicate their altitude tolerance in American airmen on Mount Evans. Recovering Balke’s work places the high-altitude Indigenous person and the mountaineer alongside the familiar figure of the pilot in the genealogy of the early American astronaut.

Effect of Barriers Height at Inclined Cascade Aerator

World generate a large amount of water loss due development of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, methane and various volatile organic compounds responsible for bad taste and odour water causes the large amount of marine animals’ death. Aeration is used to increase to oxygen content of the water. Stepped cascade is one of that aerators one of that aeration which is applied. In this present study were analysed the performance of the Standard oxygen transfer rate (SOTR) and Standard oxygen efficiency (SAE) in water. In each case comparison of the performance of the SOTR at the barrier height 10cm shows different from the barrier height at 6cm. Same as comparison of the performance of the SAE at the barrier height 10cm shows different from the barrier height at 6cm. By varying the cascade height 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 m and 0, 1, 3, 7 number of barriers at two different barrier height 10cm, 6cm. Found that performance increase with the increase in no of barriers, with the height of barriers and the height of cascade.

HEALTH RELATED FITNESS (H-RF) OF OBESE AND OVERWEIGHT CHILDREN FROM MALOPOLSKA REGION – PART I. girls

Aim of research. Basing on the results of the researches conducted on 3221 girls from Małopolska in years 1996-2005 some hypothesis were verified about ontogenetic period ap-pearance of: the negative influence of too low and too high fatness level on the positive health measures level, and the similar structure of the physical efficiency analyzed referring to health and the similar strength of the correlation connection between its elements and the height-weight index (Quetelet II) sorted in groups according to BMI level. Methods. The results of the positive health indexes were analyzed such as: the basic somat-ic features, antropometric indexes, the oxygen efficiency (VO2 max), motor ability tested on Eurofit and MTSF tests. Basing on the average value and the standard aberration of BMI all tested girls were divided into 3 groups: 8-10, 13-14, 17-18. In every group the range and the trend of the considering features differentiations were discerned and only in two groups (above and below the range of 1 SD BMI) the concentration analysis was conducted where the strength of the correlation connection between the elements of the physical efficiency structure, tested according to the relation of health and BMI level, were estimated. Results. The researches confirmed the accepted hypothesis about the negative influence of low and high fatness level, tested by BMI indexes, on the selected indexes of the positive health. The results of the concentration analysis and the Pearson’s correlation between BMI index and the physical efficiency’s elements tested referring to health show the reason to claim there are similar connections between the elements of the physical efficiency and the hierarchic structure in the group of individuals of low and high fatness. The statistically es-sential correlations only between efficiency’s morphologic components and BMI were found. Conclusion. The conducted researches confirmed: 1. The negative influence of too low and too high level of fatness on the level of the health positive indexes, 2. The statistically essen-tial correlation connections only between BMI and the somatic features which measure a body’s fatness, 3. The poor relations between BMI level and the positive health measures such as: physical efficiency, motor ability, 4. The similar structure of the physical efficiency tested referring to health in groups of lower and higher level of fatness.