Application SEM-EDX in Biodegradation of Seafood Wastes by Sponge-Derived Actinomycetes 19C38A1 in Solid Fermentation

Biodegradation of chitin by microorganisms can produce derivative products that have economic value. This research aims to apply SEM-EDX analysis in observing the biodegradation process of seafood industrial waste by actinomycetes. Shrimp shells, cuttlefish bones and fish scales were obtained from the free market. In the early stages, the SEM-EDX spectrum analysis of the substrate showed almost the same carbon, oxygen, and mineral compositions. While the surface of each substrate is quite varied. On the second day of the fermentation, SEM image analysis showed that the growth rate of actinomycetes on each substrate was significantly different. The difference in growth was supported by SEM imaging data which showed damage to the surface of each substrate. Further analysis of the degradation products by HPLC on the second and third days showed the formation of glucosamine. It suspected that actinomycetes can break down shrimp shell waste into glucosamine. This information is very important as the basis for further research related to the optimization of the glucosamine and chitooligosaccharide (COS) production process using the solid fermentation method.

Influence of Deacetylation Process in Chitosan Extract From Shrimp Shell Waste

The increasing production of shrimp commodities in Bangka Belitung Island can cause shrimp shell waste and polluting the environment. Shrimp shell waste can further proceed into chitosan which has a wide range of functions in various fields. This current study aims to find out the influence of the deacetylation process in chitosan extracts from shrimp shell waste. The method of chitosan extraction by varying repetition of deacetylation process. The characterization of chitosan extracts by FTIR analysis to determine functional group and degree of deacetylation (DD). Based on FTIR spectra, repetition in the deacetylation process in chitosan extraction still produces chitosan extracts that do not fully transform into chitosan. However, it able to increase DD with the highest DD of chitosan extract constitutes 86,78% and can be used in the further application.

Evaluating the potential of chitin extracted from shrimp shell wastes as support material of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) for catalysis

Thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) have been intensively studied due to their appealing physicochemical properties that can be used in various applications, especially catalysis. However, thiolate-protected AuNCs in a free suspension form, tend to aggregate during catalytic reaction due to the high surface reactivity of its ultrasmall size, hence, reducing the rate of their catalytic reaction. Their recovery and reusability are also difficult. Therefore, several support materials have been studied to immobilize the thiolate-protected AuNCs for a better recovery, reusability and stability in solution and during a catalytic reaction. Herein, chitin extracted from shrimp shell waste was used as support material for the immobilization of the AuNCs protected by p-mercaptobenzoic acid ligands, using deposition-precipitation method. The free chitin and chitin immobilized with thiolate-protected AuNCs (abbreviated as AuNCs/Chitin) were characterized using FTIR. The catalytic properties of the AuNCs/Chitin were then evaluated in the hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol in solution as the model reaction. It was found that the chitin extracted from SSW has a good potential to be support materials of thiolate-protected AuNCs because the shorter reaction time it took (12 minutes) as compared to the reaction without catalyst (60 minutes) and it can be recovered and reused twice.

Synthesis and antibacterial activity of chitosan membrane from shrimp shell waste

Synthesis and antibacterial activity of chitosan membrane was investigated. Chitosan membrane have been successfully by simple method from chitosan extracted from shrimp shell waste. Extraction of chitosan was carried out in four steps: demineralization, deproteinization, decolorization and deacetylation of chitin. The effect of deacetylation temperature on deacetylation process was studied. The results shown that the increase of deacetylation temperature from 30°C to 90°C causes the increase of chitosan deacetylation degree (DD). The increase of deacetylation temperature cause the increment of OH- attack to the amino group thus realizing the effective deacetylation of chitin. The highest chitosan DD was up to 77.99% is achieved under the deacetylation temperature from 90°C and the occurrence of deacetylation structurally demonstrated by the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and the XRD characterization. The antimicrobial test results used S. epidermidis and P. acne of chitosan membrane at various deacetylation temperature conditions indicated that no bacterial activity for all variants.

Solid State Fermentation of Shrimp Shell Waste Using Pseudonocardia carboxydivorans 18A13O1 to Produce Bioactive Metabolites

Marine actinomycetes are prolific microorganisms; however, knowledge of their diversity, distribution, and secondary metabolites is limited. Marine actinomycetes represent an untapped source of novel bioactive compounds. In this study, we investigated shrimp shell as substrates for model production bioactive metabolites from actinomycetes under solid state fermentation (SSF) conditions. A total of fifteen actinomycetes were isolated from six sponges and one tunicate. The isolated actinomycetes were grown on solid shrimp shells. Cultures of actinomycetes were extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and extracts were bioassayed for activity against Staphylococcus aureus. One isolate 18A13O1 from the sponge, Rhabdastrella globostellata, exhibited antibacterial activity on primary screening compared to the other samples and was chosen for further study. Visualization using SEM showed aerial and substrate mycelia. Through phylogenetic analysis, it was confirmed that isolate 18A13O1 is a Pseudonocardia carboxydivorans. Purification of an EtOAc extract yielded A13B2, which showed a minimum inhibition concentration against S. aureus at 15.6 μg/mL. It can be concluded that this basic information is very important for further studies related to the development of the production of bioactive secondary metabolites through the solid state fermentation process.

Pemanfaatan Chitosan Dari Limbah Kulit Udang Sebagai Pestabil Pada Nanopartikel Perak Dengan Bioreduktor Daun Serai (Cymbopogon citratus)

This study was based on the background Renewable research in nanotechnology has shown the creation of new, better performing products. Nanoparticles are part of nanotechnology which plays an important role in the development of science, especially its application in various fields including the health sector Chitosan has been widely applied commercially in the chemical, food and pharmaceutical industries. Chitosan can be a stabilizer alternative in the formation of silver nanoparticles.The purpose of this study was to determine the use of chitosan from shrimp shell waste as a stablizer on silver nanoparticles with lemongrass leaf as bioreductor. This research is a type of experimental research. Experiments were carried out to determine the ability of chitosan from shrimp shell waste as a stabilizer in silver nanoparticles with lemongrass leaf as bioreductor. Based on the results of the research, the spectrum shows that the silver nanoparticles without the addition of chitosan are formed at a maximum wavelength of 442 nm - 448 nm, while for silver nanoparticles with the addition of chitosan are at a wavelength of 458 nm - 470 nm. The conclusion Chitosan from shrimp shell waste can be used as a stabilizer in silver nanoparticles with lemongrass leaf as bioreductor with a maximum wavelength of 470 nm with a synthesis time of up to 72 hours with an absorbance value of 0.610 nm.

Isolation of β-caroten from Brown Tiger Shrimp shell waste (Penaeus esculentus) and its antioxidant activity using ABTS (2,2-azinobis- [3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid] method

BrownTiger Shrimp (Penaeus esculentus) is a fishery export commodity that has high potential and categorize major commercial value.The waste in the form of shell produced from the shrimp industry has not been used properly and efficiently. In fact, most of it is waste that also pollutes the environment.Shrimp shell contained a lot of carotenoid pigments which are antioxidants, one of which is β-carotene.The aim of the study was to determine the amount of β-carotene and antioxidant activity in the chloroform extract of BrownTiger shrimp shell (Penaeus esculentus). The study used maceration method with chloroform to obtain β-carotene extract then the total content was measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometry.Testing the antioxidant activity of β-carotene and chloroform β-carotene extract of Brown Tiger shrimp shell (Penaeus esculentus) was carried out through free radical scavenging using the ABTS method (2,2-azinobis- [3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid]).Chloroform β-carotene extract of Brown Tiger shrimp shell (Penaeus esculentus) contained β-carotene 618.2 µg / g of extract (0.06182% per gram of extract), and had weak antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 396.660 mg/L.β-carotene as a comparison compound has an IC50 value of 114.838 with moderate antioxidant activity category. The conclusion of this study was the chloroform β-carotene extract of Brown Tiger shrimp skin (Penaeus esculentus) contained β-carotene compounds and had weak antioxidant activity index.Keywords: β-carotene, shrimp shell, Penaeus esculentus, antioxidant, ABTSABSTRAKIsolasi β–karoten limbah kulit udang tiger coklat (Penaeus Esculentus) dan aktivitas antioksidannya dengan metode ABTS(2,2-Azinobis- [3-Ethylbenzothiazoline-6-Sulfonicacid])Udang Tigercoklat (Penaeus esculentus) merupakan komoditas ekspor perikanan yang memiliki potensi tinggi dan dikategorikan sebagai udang yang memiliki nilai komersial utama. Limbah berupa kulit yang dihasilkan dari industri udang belum dimanfaatkan dengan baik dan efisien, bahkan sebagian besar merupakan limbah yang mencemari lingkungan. Kulit udang banyak mengandung pigmen karotenoid yang merupakan antioksidan, salah satunya adalah β-karoten. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kadarβ-karoten dan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak kloroform kulit udang Tigercoklat dengan menggunakan β-karoten sebagai pembanding. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode ekstraksi maserasi dengan kloroform untuk mendapatkan ekstrak kloroformβ-karoten dan mengukur kadarnya menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Pengujian aktivitas antioksidan β-karoten dan ekstrak kloroformβ-karoten kulit udang Tigercoklat dilakukan melalui pemulungan radikal bebas menggunakan metode ABTS (2,2-azinobis-[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid]). Ekstrak kloroform β-karoten kulit udang Tigercoklat mengandung β-karoten sebanyak 618,2 µg / g ekstrak (0,06182% per gram ekstrak), dan memiliki aktivitas antioksidan lemah dengan nilai IC50 396,660 mg/L. β-karoten sebagai senyawa pembanding memiliki nilai IC50 sebesar 114,838 ppm dengan kategori sedang. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah ekstrak kloroform β-karotenkulit udang Tigercoklat mengandung senyawa β-karoten dan memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dalam kategori lemah.Kata kunci: β-karoten; kulit udang;, Penaeus esculentus; antioksidan; ABTS

A Hybrid Methodology to Minimize Freshwater Consumption during Shrimp Shell Waste Valorization Combining Multi-Contaminant Pinch Analysis and Superstructure Optimization

The conservation and proper management of natural resources constitute one of the main objectives of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development designed by the Member States of the United Nations. In this work, a hybrid strategy based on process integration is proposed to minimize freshwater consumption while reusing wastewater. As a novelty, the strategy included a heuristic approach for identifying the minimum consumption of freshwater with a preliminary design of the water network, considering the concept of reuse and multiple pollutants. Then, mathematical programming techniques were applied to evaluate the possibilities of regeneration of the source streams through the inclusion of intercept units and establish the optimal design of the network. This strategy was used in the shrimp shell waste process to obtain chitosan, where a minimum freshwater consumption of 277 t/h was identified, with a reuse strategy and an optimal value of US $5.5 million for the design of the water network.