COMBINATION EFFECT OF WATER EXTRACT HERBAL LEAVES ON DRINKING WATER TO STIMULATE THE GROWTH AND BIO-CONTROL OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA IN BROILER

This study aims to examine the effect of giving a combination of extract water from Sauropus androgynus (SL) and Moringa oleifera (ML) leaves through drinking water to stimulate the growth and health of broiler chickens. A total of 240 broiler chickens day-old chicks (DOC) with a homogeneous mean initial body weight of 40.19 ±0.18 g were randomly divided into four treatments and six replications in a completely randomized design. Drinking water treatments included: drinking water without herbal leaf extract as a control (A); drinking water with 3% ML water extract (B); drinking water with 3% SL water extract (C); and drinking water with 1.5% ML water extract+1.5% SL water extract (D), respectively. The results showed that the weight gain, feed efficiency, digestibility of feed in Group B, C, and D chickens were significantly (P<0.05) higher than Group A. In contrast, serum cholesterol levels and the number of Choliform and E. choli in chicken digesta decreased significantly (P<0.05). It can be concluded that the addition of Moringa leaf water extract, Sauropus, and their combination in broiler drinking water can improve broiler performance, reduce serum cholesterol levels and reduce the number of pathogenic bacteria.

The Contrast Contrast Illusion

To most observers, a patch of medium-contrast texture viewed against a background of high-contrast texture appears lower in contrast than an identical patch viewed against a homogeneous, mean gray background. This is the contrast contrast illusion. This chapter reviews basic findings concerning this illusion; for example, the contrast contrast illusion is selective for texture spatial frequency as well as for texture contrast polarity. Several theories to account for the illusion are discussed. Related concepts such as texture contrast, textual granularity, individual differences, contrast polarity, color and the contrast contrast illusion, and ecological accounts of the contrast contrast illusion are explored.

Analytical Solutions of the Balance Equation for the Scalar Variance in One-Dimensional Turbulent Flows under Stationary Conditions

This study presents 1D analytical solutions for the ensemble variance of reactive scalars in one-dimensional turbulent flows, in case of stationary conditions, homogeneous mean scalar gradient and turbulence, Dirichlet boundary conditions, and first order kinetics reactions. Simplified solutions and sensitivity analysis are also discussed. These solutions represent both analytical tools for preliminary estimations of the concentration variance and upwind spatial reconstruction schemes for CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics)—RANS (Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes) codes, which estimate the turbulent fluctuations of reactive scalars.

The Turbulent Schmidt Number

We analyze a large database generated from recent direct numerical simulations (DNS) of passive scalars sustained by a homogeneous mean gradient and mixed by homogeneous and isotropic turbulence on grid resolutions of up to 40963 and extract the turbulent Schmidt number over large parameter ranges: the Taylor microscale Reynolds number between 8 and 650 and the molecular Schmidt number between 1/2048 and 1024. While the turbulent Schmidt number shows considerable scatter with respect to the Reynolds and molecular Schmidt numbers separately, it exhibits a sensibly unique functional dependence with respect to the molecular Péclet number. The observed functional dependence is motivated by a scaling argument that is standard in the phenomenology of three-dimensional turbulence.

Analytical theory of homogeneous mean shear turbulence

A compact nonlinear expression for the velocity spectra of homogeneous mean shear flow is derived by means of a simplified two-point closure. It applies to all scales and times. The derived equation can be viewed as a nonlinear extension of the linear, rapid-distortion-theory (RDT) equation. The principal simplification is to model the nonlinear pressure–strain rate as first-order in the spectral anisotropy: a spectral Rotta-equation. This simplified equation and its solution are expressed in terms of the RDT solution. That solution helps reveal the role of nonlinearity. An equation for the velocity spectrum is then obtained at all scales and times. A dominant characteristic predicted for nonlinear behaviour is that the turbulence energy grows exponentially with time, with the spectrum simultaneously moving to smaller and smaller wavenumbers. The nonlinear growth rate is determined. Other analytical predictions of the derived equation include: the conditions for self-similarity; local isotropy; various properties of mean shear flow, including characteristic energy, length and temporal growth scales; and a critique of perturbation theory. Comparisons are made with laboratory experiments and direct numerical simulations. Although the theory applies to all scales and times, including an exact expression for RDT, the calculations are focused on nonlinear behaviour at large times. Several approximations used in this work are examined.

Soil characterization using patterns of magnetic susceptibility versus effective radium concentration

Low-field magnetic susceptibility χm and effective radium concentration ECRa, obtained from radon emanation, have been measured in the laboratory with 129 soil samples from Nepal. Samples along horizontal profiles in slope debris or terrace scarps showed rather homogeneous values of both χm and ECRa. One sample set, collected vertically on a lateritic terrace scarp, had homogeneous values of ECRa while χm increased by a factor of 1 to 10 for residual soils and topsoils. However, for a set of samples collected on three imbricated river terraces, values of ECRa, homogeneous over a given terrace, displayed a gradual increase from younger to older terraces. By contrast, χm showed more homogeneous mean values over the three terraces, with a larger dispersion, however, for the younger one. Similarly, Kathmandu sediments exhibited a large increase in ECRa from sand to clay layers, while χm increased moderately. The combination of χm and ECRa, thus, provides a novel tool to characterize quantitatively various soil groups and may be of interest to distinguish modes of alteration or deposition histories.