Intentional paronymy in the Russian linguoculture

The purpose of this study is to identify and systematize speech-behavioral situations (SBS) and speech-cultural scripts (scenarios) (SCS) of intentional paronymy, which traditionally include paronomasia and paronymic attraction, in the Russian linguocultural space. The object of study is paronyms used intentionally in various speech-behavioral situations of the Russian linguocultural space. The subject of the research is the originality of the system of speech-behavioral situations and the speech-cultural scripts caused by them provided that paronymy is intentionally used. The facts were investigated based on the Russian paronyms dictionaries. As a result of the work carried out, it was possible to show that in situations of intentional paronymy, two types of speech-behavioral tactics (SBT) can be used: the tactics of intentional paronymic replacement / substitution / error and the tactics of artistic design of speech. The author's conclusions are as follows: firstly, speech-behavioral situations of the intentional use of paronymy arising in the tactics of intentional paronymic substitution / error are a slip of the tongue, a misspelling, a mishearing, a misreading with possible speech-cultural scenarios of jokes, satire, irony, humorous or comic overtones, as well as overtones of condemnation, resentment, humiliation, ridicule, adventure, deception and others. In this case, only the wrong component of the paronymic opposition organized according to the principle of the „right” // „wrong” dichotomy is used. An exception is the mishearing situation, where both components of the paronymic pair are represented. Secondly, speech-behavioral situations arising in the tactics of artistic design of speech using paronymy are patronymic convergence and paronymic rhyming. These two speech-behavioral situations are accompanied by a speech-cultural script of enhancing the artistry and / or expressiveness of the text and the SCS of described assessment. In speech-behavioral situations of patronymic convergence and paronymic rhyming, at least two components of the paronymic series are represented, since intentional paronymy appears in these situations as a binary stylistic device.

MENGGAGAS MODEL PENGEMBANGAN MANAJEMEN HARTA WAKAF TRADISIONAL

Three people issues are: 1) the low quality of education, 2) the cost of increasingly expensive health care, and 3) lack of public welfare, has become a circle of "evil" interrelated and mutually influence one issue among others. Background on the issue tersebutlah, it is necessary that concrete efforts to revisit the idea of classical repertoire, especially Islamic instruments relating to poverty alleviation, one of which is "Waqf". Endowments aims to provide a benefit or benefits diwakafkan property to the person entitled to and used in accordance with teachings of Islamic Sharia. Waqf property in the financing model of traditional, classical fiqh book discusses five models of financing reconstruction waqf property, namely: First, the Loan; Second, Hukr (long-term lease contracts with a lump sum payment that is large enough in advance); Third, Al-Ijaratain (rent with two payments), the Fourth, add the addition of new waqf property and the fifth, onsite replacement (substitution) waqf property. This study develops and implements the fifth above.

Language Contact: A Study of Syllabic Change of English Borrowed Words in Urdu

This paper aims to describe the syllabic changes in those words which Urdu has borrowed from the English language. The changes are observed by exploring the sequence of sounds present in the syllables of English words. The results are presented on the basis of collection of English words taken from Urdu lexicon. The syllable templates that undergo change during the process of Urdu syllabification are: CCV, CVC, CVCC, CCVC, CCVCC, CVVC, CVVVC, CCCV, CCCVC, and CCCVCC. The current study has formulated some specific generalizations and constraints on the basis of which these changes occur. The study has deduced two processes of epenthesis and replacement/substitution which trigger these changes with respect to the phonological rules and phonotactic constraints of the Urdu language.

The Correlation Between Synonymous and Nonsynonymous Substitutions in Drosophila: Mutation, Selection or Relaxed Constraints?

Codon usage bias, the preferential use of particular codons within each codon family, is characteristic of synonymous base composition in many species, including Drosophila, yeast, and many bacteria. Preferential usage of particular codons in these species is maintained by natural selection acting largely at the level of translation. In Drosophila, as in bacteria, the rate of synonymous substitution per site is negatively correlated with the degree of codon usage bias, indicating stronger selection on codon usage in genes with high codon bias than in genes with low codon bias. Surprisingly, in these organisms, as well as in mammals, the rate of synonymous substitution is also positively correlated with the rate of nonsynonymous substitution. To investigate this correlation, we carried out a phylogenetic analysis of substitutions in 22 genes between two species of Drosophila, Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. subobscura, in codons that differ by one replacement and one synonymous change. We provide evidence for a relative excess of double substitutions in the same species lineage that cannot be explained by the simultaneous mutation of two adjacent bases. The synonymous changes in these codons also cannot be explained by a shift to a more preferred codon following a replacement substitution. We, therefore, interpret the excess of double codon substitutions within a lineage as being the result of relaxed constraints on both kinds of substitutions in particular codons.

Nonneutral Evolution and Differential Mutation Rate of Gender-Associated Mitochondrial DNA Lineages in the Marine Mussel Mytilus

Mussels have two types of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The M type is transmitted paternally, and the F type is transmitted maternally. To test hypotheses of the molecular evolution of both mtDNA genomes, 50 nucleotide sequences were obtained for 396 bp of the COIII gene of European populations of Mytilus edulis and the Atlantic and Mediterranean forms of M. galloprovincialis. Analysis based on the proportion of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions indicate that mtDNA is evolving in a non-neutral and complex fashion. Previous studies on American mussels demonstrated that the F genome experiences a higher purifying selection and that the M genome evolves faster. Here we show that these patterns also hold in European populations. However, in contrast to American populations, where an excess of replacement substitution between F and M lineages has been reported, a significant excess of replacement polymorphism within mtDNA lineages is observed in European populations of M. galloprovincialis.European populations also show an excess of replacement polymorphism within the F but not within the M genome with respect to American M. trossulus, as well as a consistent pattern of excess of rare variants in both F and M genomes. These results are consistent with a nearly neutral model of molecular evolution and a recent relaxation of selective constraints on European mtDNA. Levels of diversity are significantly higher for the M than F genome, and the M genome also accumulates synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions at a higher rate, in contrast with earlier reports where no difference for the synonymous rate was observed. It is suggested that a subtle balance between relaxed selection and a higher mutation rate explains the faster evolutionary rate of the M lineage.

Cytochrome b sequence variation and a molecular phylogeny of the live-bearing fish genus Gambusia (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae)

Nucleotide sequences for a 402-base segment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene were determined from 25 species of live-bearing fishes. A total of 34 sequences representing 24 species of the genus Gambusia and 1 species of Belonesox were generated via the polymerase chain reaction. The levels of overall variation were consistent with those from other genera of fishes. In total, 137 of 402 (34.1%) nucleotides exhibited variation within or among the species. Observed differences at 24 (17.9%) of the 134 cytochrome b codons would result in amino acid replacements. Phylogenetic analyses employing various weighting schemes resulted in several clades representing traditionally recognized taxonomic groups. However, precise relationships among species-groups remained uncertain. Randomization tests indicated that these topologies contained significant nonrandom phylogenetic information. As with other fishes, the overall rate of divergence appeared to be slower than that of other vertebrates and the overall replacement/substitution pattern was suggestive of nonrandom evolutionary input.

Use of P-Element-Mediated Transformation to Identify the Molecular Basis of Naturally Occurring Variants Affecting Adh Expression in Drosophila melanogaster

ABSTRACT The purpose of the work reported here is to identify the molecular basis of the difference in level of expression between the polymorphic Slow and Fast alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) alleles in Drosophila melanogaster . Previous studies have shown that Fast lines typically have a two- to threefold higher activity level than Slow lines and they also have a substantially higher level of ADH-protein (estimated immunologically). The results of a restriction fragment length polymorphism study in relation to ADH activity variation had previously suggested that the difference in Adh expression between allozymes might not be due entirely to the amino acid replacement substitution, but could be due in part to linkage disequilibrium with a regulatory site polymorphism. Here we describe an approach that makes use of P-element-mediated transformation in order to identify the nucleotide substitution(s) responsible for this difference in ADH level. This approach consists of generating recombinants in vitro between Adh region clones derived from a typical Slow/Fast pair of alleles and then testing for the effects of particular restriction fragments on expression in vivo by transformation. Using this approach, the effect on both ADH activity and ADH-protein level clearly maps to a 2.3-kb restriction fragment that includes all of the Adh coding sequence and some intron and 3' flanking sequence, but excludes all of the 5' flanking sequence of the distal (adult) transcriptional unit. Comparison of Kreitman's DNA sequences for this fragment from several Slow and Fast alleles showing the typical difference in activity level shows that only three nucleotide substitutions distinguish all Fast from all Slow alleles. Thus, it is likely that one or more of these substitutions causes the major difference in Adh expression between allozymic classes. One of these substitutions is, of course, the Slow/Fast amino acid replacement substitution (at 1490) while the other two are nearby third position silent substitutions (at 1443 and 1527). A quantiative analysis of variation among transformant stocks shows that the P-element transformation approach can be used to localize even relatively small effects on gene expression (on the order of 20%).

THE MOLECULAR EVOLUTION OF ACTIN

ABSTRACT We have investigated the molecular evolution of plant and nonplant actin genes comparing nucleotide and amino acid sequences of 20 actin genes. Nucleotide changes resulting in amino acid substitutions (replacement substitutions) ranged from 3-7% for all pairwise comparisons of animal actin genes with the following exceptions. Comparisons between higher animal muscle actin gene sequences and comparisons between higher animal cytoplasmic actin gene sequences indicated <3% divergence. Comparisons between plant and nonplant actin genes revealed, with two exceptions, 11-15% replacement substitution. In the analysis of plant actins, replacement substitution between soybean actin genes SAc1, SAc3, SAc4 and maize actin gene MAc1 ranged from 8-10%, whereas these members within the soybean actin gene family ranged from 6-9% replacement substitution. The rate of sequence divergence of plant actin sequences appears to be similar to that observed for animal actins. Furthermore, these and other data suggest that the plant actin gene family is ancient and that the families of soybean and maize actin genes have diverged from a single common ancestral plant actin gene that originated long before the divergence of monocots and dicots. The soybean actin multigene family encodes at least three classes of actin. These classes each contain a pair of actin genes that have been designated kappa (SAc1, SAc6), lambda (SAc2, SAc4) and mu (SAc3, SAc7). The three classes of soybean actin are more divergent in nucleotide sequence from one another than higher animal cytoplasmic actin is divergent from muscle actin. The location and distribution of amino acid changes were compared between actin proteins from all sources. A comparison of the hydropathy of all actin sequences, except from Oxytricha, indicated a strong similarity in hydropathic character between all plant and nonplant actins despite the greater number of replacement substitutions in plant actins. These protein sequence comparisons are discussed with respect to the demonstrated and implicated roles of actin in plants and animals, as well as the tissue-specific expression of actin.