Hydatid cyst of spleen: A rare presentation

: Hydatid cyst is a parasitic infestation caused by Echinococcus granulosus. The spleen being rarely involved by the parasite, commonly involved organs are liver followed by lungs. It constitutes only 4% of abdominal hydatid diseases. Its worldwide incidence is 0.5 to 4%. In this case report, we present a case of young boy with concomitant splenic and liver hydatid cysts. A 8-year-old boy, resident of Chamba district was presented with abdominal pain, fever and left upper quadrant swelling. The swelling had started enlarging over past 4 months. After necessary investigations it was diagnosed as hydatid cyst of spleen concomitant with liver and was confirmed by histopathological examination of the cyst membrane. All routine investigations other than anemia of 9.4 mg/dl and raised Ecchinococcus IGG serum levels, all other tests were within normal range. Splenic hydatid is a rare entity and among abdominal presentations of hydatid diseases its incidence is very low, being 4% only. Diagnosis can be made on CECT abdomen along with the Echinococcus IGG serum levels, cytology of aspirated cystic fluid and then can be confirmed on histopathological examination of the cyst membrane sent for the histopathological examination. This case report emphasizes the need of considering hydatid cyst as a differential with uncommon presentation of the disease even in non- endemic area, as in this case patient presented with splenomegaly and abdominal pain.

Honeycomb in the heart : A rare case of hydatid cyst of the inter-ventricular septum

The hydatid disease of heart, caused by Echinococcus granulosus has an incidence of 0.5%-2% , in the sheep grazing areas of the developing and under-developed countries. The cyst of interventricular septum has a 5%-9% incidence with complications of conduction block and arrythmias. Transesophageal echocardiography(TEE) is useful for intraoperative cyst localization and excision. Our image review highlights the TEE findings of our young patient with multiple hydatid cysts of interventricular septum , with the septal tricuspid leaflet adherent to the cyst membrane.

INTENSITY OF INFECTION AND MEANS OF GIARDIASIS PREVENTION AT THE FARMS OF UKRAINE

duodenalis is the most widespread among the six generally recognized species of giardiasis affecting the gastrointestinal tract of mammals. Destruction of Giardia intestinalis oocysts in the environment mitigates the risk of infection for animals and humans. The objective of the study. The research is aimed at establishing the effectiveness of disinfectants against Giardia intestinalis cysts. Methods. The research involved twelve farms in Ukraine. Fecal samples were taken from the tested calves aged from 1 to 3 weeks. Giardiasis was diagnosed on the basis of laboratory tests of calf feces by the Fulleborn's method. The object of study was represented by cysts of Giardia intestinalis obtained from the feces through combined flotation methods. After exposure for a period of 30 and 60 minutes, the supernatant was drained and the precipitate applied to a glass slide to be stained with Lugol's solution. Cysts were subject to evaluation in terms of their morphological features. Their shape, size, color, nuclei location and axon were determined under a microscope at a magnification of about 10x400. Yodosol, Kontavir, Biocontact and Bioluft were used as a disinfectant. Results. The study carried out at dairy farms of various forms of ownership revealed that 25–50 % of calves at the holdings and 50–75 % of those at the farms were infected with Giardia intestinalis. Experiments established that Kontavir at a concentration of 1 %, as a disinfectant, produced a cytotoxic effect (compressed the cyst membrane) on Giardia intestinalis for 60 minutes. If the drug concentration increases to 2–3 %, Kontravir destroys the cyst shell releasing its contents within 30-60 minutes. Conclusions. The prevalence of Giardia intestinalis has been established through studying dairy farms in four regions of Ukraine. As a disinfectant, Kontavir at a concentration of 1 % produces a cytotoxic effect (compresses the cyst membrane), at a concentration of 2–3 %, it completely destroys the cyst membrane.

Toxoplasma gondii Parasitophorous Vacuole Membrane-Associated Dense Granule Proteins Regulate Maturation of the Cyst Wall

ABSTRACT After differentiation is triggered, the tachyzoite-stage Toxoplasma gondii parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) has been hypothesized to transition into the cyst membrane that surrounds the cyst wall and encloses bradyzoites. Here, we tracked the localization of two PVM dense granule (GRA) proteins (GRA5 and GRA7) after in vitro differentiation of the tachyzoite stage parasitophorous vacuole into the mature cyst. GRA5 and GRA7 were visible at the cyst periphery at 6 h and at all later times after differentiation, suggesting that the PVM remained intact as it transitioned into the cyst membrane. By day 3 postdifferentiation, GRA5 and GRA7 were visible in a continuous pattern at the cyst periphery. In mature 7- and 10-day-old cysts permeabilized with a saponin pulse, GRA5 and GRA7 were localized to the cyst membrane and the cyst wall regions. Cysts at different stages of cyst development exhibited differential susceptibility to saponin permeabilization, and, correspondingly, saponin selectively removed GRA5 from the cyst membrane and cyst wall region in 10-day-old cysts. GRA5 and GRA7 were localized at the cyst membrane and cyst wall region at all times after differentiation of the parasitophorous vacuole, which supports a previous model proposing that the PVM develops into the cyst membrane. In addition, evaluation of Δgra3, Δgra5, Δgra7, Δgra8, and Δgra14 mutants revealed that PVM-localized GRAs were crucial to support the normal rate of accumulation of cyst wall proteins at the cyst periphery. IMPORTANCE Toxoplasma gondii establishes chronic infection in humans by forming thick-walled cysts that persist in the brain. Once host immunity wanes, cysts reactivate to cause severe, and often lethal, toxoplasmic encephalitis. There is no available therapy to eliminate cysts or to prevent their reactivation. Furthermore, how the cyst membrane and cyst wall structures develop is poorly understood. Here, we visualized and tracked the localization of Toxoplasma parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) dense granules (GRA) proteins during cyst development in vitro. PVM-localized GRA5 and GRA7 were found at the cyst membrane and cyst wall region throughout cyst development, suggesting that the PVM remains intact and develops into the cyst membrane. In addition, our results show that genetic deletion of PVM GRAs reduced the rate of accumulation of cyst wall cargo at the cyst periphery and suggest that PVM-localized GRAs mediate the development and maturation of the cyst wall and cyst membrane.

Bronchoscope saline injection method (ME Hejazi Method) in ruptured peripheral and central pulmonary hydatid cysts: a case series

Background<br />This paper mainly focuses on patients with ruptured pulmonary Echinococcus granulosus infections (alveolar hydatid disease), who suffered from ruptured alveolar hydatid cyst. In this study we aimed to remove these ruptured central and peripheral pulmonary hydatid cysts by the bronchoscopic saline injection method (ME Hejazi method). <br /><br />Case description<br />In this retrospective study, we evaluated eight patients from an endemic area who were non-surgically treated for ruptured pulmonary hydatid cysts at Imam Reza hospital between 2016-2017. By the bronchoscopic saline injection method (ME Hejazi method), we extracted the entire hydatid cysts of all patients by fiber optic bronchoscopy for the detachment of the underlying membrane from the cavity wall. There were three female and five male patients, with a mean age of 40 ± 23 years (range 17–63 years). Ruptured cysts were located in the peripheral (2) and central (6) parts of the lungs. All of our experiences have been successful without any complications and residual cyst membrane. During the follow-ups, clinical and radiological recovery were seen in these patients.<br /><br />Conclusions<br />In the peripheral ruptured hydatid cysts, accurate recognition and location of the cyst is essential and the blind approach is not recommended because it needs several bronchoscopic interventions. Therefore the Hejazi method will be a beneficial and suitable alternative method for surgery in the treatment of patients with ruptured pulmonary hydatid cyst with cyst membrane adhesions.

Glycogen and protein profiles of Clinostomum tilapiae Ukoli, 1966 (Digenea: Clinostomidae) and putative species Clinostomum Morphotype1 in a tropical river (Anambra River Basin, Otuocha, Nigeria)

There has been little attention to the glycogen and protein profiles of Clinostomum tilapiae Ukoli, 1966 (Digenea: Clinostomidae) and recently studied Clinostomum Morphotype1 as well as the epidemiological status of the later. The protein content of the cyst membrane 10.10 +/- 0.90 g/dL and host muscle tissue 11.9 +/- 0.80 g/dL are higher than the protein content of Clinostomum Morphotype1 tissue 7.9 +/- 0.40 g/dL. Conversely, the host muscle tissue glycogen content 8.25 +/- 1.07 mg/kg is slightly lower than both the cyst tissue 9.20 +/- 0.54 mg/kg and Morphotype1 9.06 +/- 0.79 mg/kg, respectively. However, the glycogen content of Clinostomum tilapiae 13.10 +/- 0.92 mg/kg is higher than both host muscle tissue glycogen content 8.25 +/- 1.07 mg/kg and the cyst tissue 9.20 +/- 0.54 mg/kg. Clinostomum tilapiae exhibited the invasive characteristic of trematodes. Season influenced the occurrence of Morphotype1 with higher prevalence in dry (54.01%) than rainy season months (45.98%).