Rejection of Rutherford's Planetary Model of the Atom, Bohr's Postulates and the Tunnel Effect

The article raises the question of the strange behavior of electrons in an atom, when the electronic orbitals of the P- and d-states of the atom have the form of eights with nodal points in the nucleus of the atom, as well as the discovery of the mysterious K-capture of an electron when the nuclei of atoms of some isotopes of chemical elements someh they sometimes capture an electron from the inner (K- or L-) electron shell of the atom. It has not been possible to explain these phenomena within the framework of the atomic model existing in quantum electrodynamics. In the new model of the atom, proposed by Professor Lev Sapogin in Unitary Quantum Theory, the electron makes quantum leaps within the orbital not randomly, as physicists thought, but through the nucleus of the atom, each time tunneling through it. In this case, the quantization of the energy levels (orbitals) of electrons in an atom is explained by the distribution of nodes and antinodes in a standing wave of an electron, and an integer number of de Broglie wavelengths should be located in the diameter of the electron orbital. The article shows the dependence of the magnitude of the interaction constants in the hydrogen nucleus and, in particular, the fine structure constant, discovered by the CMS cooperation in experiments at the Large Hadron Collider in 2019, during reactions in pp collisions with energies from 1 TeV to 13 TeV and an intranuclear pressure of 10³⁵ Pascal. The value of the fine structure in the near-Earth medium and in a neutron star is given

THE PERIODIC SYSTEM OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS: HISTORY AND MODERNITY

Three approaches to the problem of systematization of chemical elements are considered: by atomic weight (Mendeleev), by the structure of the electron shell (Thomson, Bohr) and by the structure of the nucleus (Burtayev). The difficulties of the first two approaches are discussed, and ways of their solution are indicated on the basis of the concepts of the structure of atomic nuclei developed by Yu.V. Burtayev.

Instability of molecular structure of non-IPR isomer 17984 (C1) of the C76 fullerene and probable ways of its stabilization

It is well-known that non-IPR fullerenes are highly unstable. For this reason, they cannot be obtained as pristine fullerenes; however, some of them become stable as derivatives (exohedral or endohedral). In this article, we attempted to elucidate in detail molecular structure for such a non-IPR fullerene. Using theoretical approach supported by DFT calculations, the features of molecular structure of isomer 17894 (C1) of fullerene C76 with data about distribution of single, double and delocalized π-bonds as well its structural formula has been determined for the first time. The instability of the studied fullerene molecule caused by its open-shell structure and significant local overstrains related to the high folding angle value of pentagons in pentalene fragment. The supposed synthesis of the endohedral molecule starts with the ionic pair formation, i.e. anionic fragment of fullerene cage and metal cation electrostatically bound with it. It would lead to closing of open electron shell of fullerene and local overstrain release at pentalene fragment. As to the exohedral derivatives the probable positions of addends are discussed. Both methods in their own demonstrate the possibilities to stabilize the molecule of the C76 isomer 17894. The elucidation and analysis of structural features along with electronic characteristics of non-IPR fullerene molecules appear to be useful for predicting the possibility of their synthesis as derivatives and will assist in determination of their reactivity. This will ensure the targeted production of fullerenes and their derivatives for the needs of medicine, electronics and other industries. The fundamental knowledge of the properties of nanoobjects, namely fullerenes, is actually developing as the independent direction with a long-term perspective.

Systematic opacity calculations for kilonovae

ABSTRACT Coalescence of neutron stars (NSs) gives rise to kilonova, thermal emission powered by radioactive decays of freshly synthesized r-process nuclei. Although observational properties are largely affected by bound–bound opacities of r-process elements, available atomic data have been limited. In this paper, we study element-to-element variation of the opacities in the ejecta of NS mergers by performing systematic atomic structure calculations of r-process elements for the first time. We show that the distributions of energy levels tend to be higher as electron occupation increases for each electron shell due to the larger energy spacing caused by larger effects of spin–orbit and electron–electron interactions. As a result, elements with a fewer number of electrons in the outermost shells tend to give larger contributions to the bound–bound opacities. This implies that Fe is not representative for the opacities of light r-process elements. The average opacities for the mixture of r-process elements are found to be κ ∼ 20–30 cm2 g−1 for the electron fraction of Ye ≤ 0.20, κ ∼ 3–5 cm2 g−1 for Ye = 0.25–0.35, and κ ∼ 1 cm2 g−1 for Ye = 0.40 at $T = 5000\!-\!10\, 000$ K, and they steeply decrease at lower temperature. We show that, even with the same abundance or Ye, the opacity in the ejecta changes with time by one order of magnitude from 1 to 10 d after the merger. Our radiative transfer simulations with the new opacity data confirm that ejecta with a high electron fraction (Ye ≳ 0.25, with no lanthanide) are needed to explain the early, blue emission in GW170817/AT2017gfo while lanthanide-rich ejecta (with a mass fraction of lanthanides ∼5 × 10−3) reproduce the long-lasting near-infrared emission.