Emergency contraception methods: efficacy, safety and acceptability

Prevention of unwanted pregnancies, abortions and their complications is one of the major problems of healthcare. The most effective method of unwanted pregnancies prevention is family planning with highly effective contraceptive methods. Currently number of unwanted pregnancies cases is still numerous. Problem of unwanted pregnancy cannot be solved completely with any method of contraception. Every fourth pregnancy in the world is considered as unplanned, more than half of them end in abortion, which can pose a threat to health of the patient. Overall, more than 90% of abortions are performed due to unwanted pregnancies. Emergency contraception continues to play an important role in family planning today. It is known that the effectiveness of emergency contraception decreases with the time after unprotected sex. Today a variety of emergency contraception methods exists, which allows individual approach to specific patient. The article presents the results of randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses evaluating all currently used methods of emergency contraception from the evidence-based point of view. The article also describes drugs specifics, features, and effects on the reproductive system.

SKRENING BAKTERI TOLERAN PESTISIDA DENGAN BAHAN AKTIF KLORANTRANILIPROL ASAL TANAH PERTANIAN BATURITI TABANAN BALI

In Indonesia agriculture practice often used the large scale pesticide application such as insecticide, herbicide, and fungicide. The wide use of toxic pesticide has created numerous problem in increasing environtmental hazard to human and to other animals. Many of soil bacteria had important role to degrading chemical compounds into simpler compounds as a bioremediation agent. The aim of this study was to screen the Chlorantraniliprole tolerant bacteria using soil mineral medium with Prevathon pesticide addition, also teo identificate the species of bacteria. This research was conducted at Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University. The research was done in three analysis, (1) bacteria test on Prevathon pesticide addition to mineral medium treatment, (2) characterization of bacteria, (3) Identification of pesticide tolerant bacteria with BD BBL Crystal Enteric/Non FermenterID Kit. The results showed that mineral medium with the addition of pesticides Prevathon treatment able to provide a significant different effect on the enrichment stage 1, stage 2 and stage 3 (P<0.05), there was 5 isolates pesticide tolerant bacteria that isolated from Baturiti Tabanan cultivated soil that was BSP 1, BSP 2, BSP 3 known as gram negative bacteria, and BSP 4, BSP 5 known as Gram positive bacteria, pesticide tolerant bacteria identified as Serratia marcescens which is a Gram negative bacteria group and may cause pathogenic.

Evolution of Triz Application for Manufacturing Industries

The company mission is to be clear choice for affordable technology and manufacturing. Its strategies go with maintaining the technology leadership, deliver manufacturing excellence, exceed customer expectation, be the work place of choice and relentlessly pursue shareholder value. The objective would be delivering leading edge technology at affordable cost, be perceived as the cost leader in manufacturing, and exceeds the customer quality, responsiveness and the product performance expectations. The company businesses use numerous problem solving methods to achieve operational excellence. The research paper will discuss on the improvement and breakthrough of TRIZ application to address the key problem statement, which is lack of details in problem definition stage, and problem characterization is not really carried out to understand in depth on the area of problem.

Evaluating a Voluntary Second Surgical Opinion Program

Numerous problem areas were encountered in the evaluation of a voluntary second surgical opinion program. Some problems could be handled only on a conceptual level, while others require for their solution the integration of existing with new data sets. (1) Reliance on program participants to provide medical data was sensitivity tested and found to have minimal impact. (2) Program impact on hospital bed reduction was considered in the context of the total market and political environment in the region, and the anticipated duration of the program. A reasonable judgment was that almost the entire fixed component in the per diem cost of anticipated patient days foregone could be written off as part of the cost savings of the program. (3) As hospital reporting systems identify only average per diem costs, a methodology was developed to separate surgical from nonsurgical case costs. (4) Quality of care evaluation will incorporate a substratum of cases for which there exists a control group within the program user population. Outcome measures obtainable through survey interviews were identified.