Strategies of Constructing Shapes in Cabri

According to the constructivist approach in mathematics education, knowledge is actively created or invented by the students, not passively received from the teacher or the environment. In this regard, learning environments should be designed so that students have to use effectively their “own” knowledge and thus students achieve desired information. Through the micro-worlds, the experimental environments where students make observations, researches and predictions shall be created. In the micro-worlds formed by means of Cabri Geometry, a dynamic geometry sketchbook, users can draw and explore many geometric shapes. Besides, the manipulation and displacement of objects can be easily done via this software. In this study, we emphasize on that property of Cabri Geometry. Four pre-service elementary mathematics teachers among thirty ones which have taken a course on the mathematics teaching in the dynamic mathematics software environment have voluntarily participated to the study. The participants have randomly divided into two groups. Each group has worked on computer together and is asked to draw two dimensions shapes like triangles, parallelogram, rectangle etc. without using related “tool of Cabri”. The collection of the data of this study involves interviews during their work, screen record of the computer and tape record of conversation among pair of participants. The results of study reveal that more professionally the participants use the Cabri Geometry more different strategies they use to construct asked shapes and participants have always questioned themselves about their pre-knowledge of the dynamically constructed shape.

Complainants Use Deceptive Ambiguity

Complainants are people who suspect of crimes often committed by members of their own family or someone they know. They go to the police, who then have the complainants tape-record their conversations with suspects and coach them in how to make these confrontation calls as they try to get the suspects to admit their roles in the crime. Complainants use deceptive ambiguity to camouflage the speech event as a friendly meeting or call, which causes the suspects to have different schemas about the conversations. By controlling the agenda and using various conversational strategies to block the suspects’ topics, the complainants try to prevent suspects from defending themselves. The complainants also use ambiguity to misinterpret suspects’ speech acts and words in ways that support a prosecution. This chapter describes complainants’ conversations with two brothel commissioners, an uncle of a girl who claimed he sexually molested her, and a sheriff whose secretary accused him of sexual misconduct.

Estimating Vehicular Emission in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

The study estimate, the vehicular emission load for CO, CO2 , HCs, NOX, SO2, Dioxin/Furans, Particulate Matters (PM10, PM2.5, Black carbon and Organic Carbon) by using emission factors and Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) of the pollutants (CO2, NOX, BC and OC). For this purpose, data were collected through the video tape record (in 30 sites), questionnaire survey, field visit, and literatures review. The total estimated emission of Kathmandu Valley (KV) was 7231053.12 ton/year. Of the total emission, CO2 emission was highest i.e., 91.01% followed by CO 5.03%, HC 0.96%, NOX 0.60%, PM10 0.18% and SO2 0.10%. Annually 529353.36 μg Toxic Equivalent (TEQ) of Dioxin/Furan produced and directly disperse to the ambient environment. The total estimated PM2.5, BC and OC emission were 9649.40 ton/year, 1640.4 ton/year and 2894.82 ton/year. The total carbon equivalence of the combined emissions (CO2, NOX and BC) for 100-years standard time horizon is 10579763.6 ton CO2-eq i.e., 2885390.07 ton carbon.CO2 alone will be responsible, for about 62% of the impacts for the next century from current emissions of CO2, NOX and BC. Of the total emission Heavy Duty Vehicles (HDV) emits 50%, Light Duty Vehicles (LDV) emits, 27%, 2-Wheelers emits 22% and 3-Wheeler (Tempo) emits 1%. The total emission of all pollutants combined per vehicle together was estimated to be 5.46 ton/year which was estimated as 23.63, 10.35, 1.83 and 5.58 ton/year for HDV, LDV, 2-Wheelers and 3-Wheeler respectively. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i4.11742 International Journal of EnvironmentVolume-3, Issue-4, Sep-Nov 2014Page: 133-146

The Lived Experience of End-Stage Liver Failure and Liver Transplantation

This phenomenological study examined the lived experience of an individual who underwent end-stage liver failure and liver transplantation. The participant was asked to respond to the question, What was it like for you having experienced end-stage liver failure and liver transplantation? Permission was granted to tape-record the interview. Themes derived from the data analysis were identified, analyzed, and sorted. As a result, four categories were delineated: (1) uncertainty, (2) control, (3) social support, and (4) spirituality. Categories and themes contributing to a description of one individual's experience with end-stage liver failure and liver transplantation may provide direction for interventional studies designed to effect change in the lived experiences of those undergoing similar phenomena.

The Relationship between Auditory Hallucinations and Spontaneous Fluctuations of Skin Conductance in Schizophrenia

SummaryA sample was collected of schizophrenic patients exhibiting nonverbal signs of intermittent auditory hallucinations. A video-tape record was made for each of a session, during which the patient's skin conductance was monitored. Independent raters achieved reasonable agreement on the onset of periods of hallucinatory activity, as judged from non-verbal signs. The skin conductance tracing was scored independently for spontaneous fluctuations. In the 10 patients with satisfactory records the onset of hallucinatory periods was significantly (P <0.01) associated with a rise in the spontaneous fluctuation rate.